本文介绍并比较了暗物质模型和修正牛顿引力理论.一方面，介绍了暗物质模型的提出背景和支撑暗物质模型的证据，接着讨论了暗物质备选粒子和现有暗物质探测的方法.另一方面，阐述了修正牛顿引力理论的发展历程，进而总结了该理论现有进展以及未来研究方向.本文最后综合讨论了这两种理论各自的优势和局限，评述了各种研究的意义以及未来的发展方向.

The current literature compares the dark matter model and the modified Newtonian dynamics theory, and respectively explains how they solve the existing problems of astronomical observations. Furthermore, we introduce the development of dark matter model, list the main important evidence and prospective candidates for dark matter, and summarize the existing methods to detect dark matter and their limitations. In addition, this literature introduces the development of the modified Newtonian dynamics theory, and summarizes the problems to be solved and the significant current progress. Finally, we compare the advantages and limitations of these two theories, and discuss the significance of this research and the future research direction.