β衰变的研究是一个探究物质深层物理原理的过程.它始于β放射性的研究，引导人类对物质的认识开始从原子深入到原子核内部.其能谱的测量，导致了泡利的中微子假设.在此基础上，费米第一次提出了关于β衰变的唯象理论并提出了弱相互作用的概念.此后发展出弱相互作用的中间玻色子理论，使得人类对物质的认识深入到核子内部，促进了电弱统一理论的发展，最终促成了标准模型的完成.文章回顾了β衰变这一横亘整个20世纪的重要物理学事件，对β衰变的研究历史中的关键事件进行了分析和介绍，对理解现代物理学中的标准模型的建立和发展有重要意义. 

The study of β-decay is a process of investigating the deep physical principles of matter, which began with the study of β-radiation, and led people's understanding of matter from the level of atoms to the level inside nuclei. The measurement of its energy spectrum led to Pauli's neutrino hypothesis. On this basis, Fermi proposed the first phenomenological theory of beta decay and introduced the concept of weak interactions. After that, the development of intermediate boson theory of weak interactions led people's understanding of matter to the level deep inside nucleons, promoted the development of the unified electroweak theory and finally the completion of the Standard Model. This article reviews the important physics event of β-decay throughout the 20th century, analyses and introduces the key events in the history of study of β-decay, which are important for understanding the construction and development of the standard model in modern physics.