20 世纪初，物理学家在对大气导电性的研究中发现了宇宙线，时至今日，宇宙线的发现已过百年.宇宙线是指来自宇宙空间的高能粒子，是人类能够获得的来自太阳系以外的唯一物质样品，包括原子核、电子、光子和中微子，以及其它目前尚未被探测到的未知粒子，它们主要来自宇宙空间中的宇宙线源或者是宇宙线在传播时与空间物质相互作用的产物．在现代物理学发展史中，宇宙线的研究占有重要地位，许多新粒子都是首先在宇宙线研究中发现的，且目前人类已知的最高能量的粒子也来自于宇宙线的观测.作为联系微观粒子和宏观宇宙的桥梁，宇宙线研究既对粒子物理也对天体物理做出了重要贡献．本文重点梳理了在宇宙线研究过程中，荣获的诺贝尔物理学奖，详细介绍了其实验原理、实验仪器和实验成果．

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles from space and are the only samples of matter from outside the solar system that humans can obtain, including nuclei, electrons, photons and neutrinos, as well as other unknown particles that have not yet been detected. They mainly come from cosmic ray sources in space or are the products of cosmic ray interactions with space matter during propagation. In the history of modern physics, the study of cosmic rays plays an important role, and many new particles are first discovered in the study of cosmic rays. As a bridge between the microscopic particles and the macroscopic universe, the study of cosmic rays has made important contributions to both particle physics and astrophysics. This paper focuses on the Nobel Prize in physics won in the process of cosmic ray research, and introduces its experimental principle, experimental instruments and experimental results in detail.