光学谐振腔是现代光学系统中的核心器件，其稳定性研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.本文利用往返矩阵的特征谱来分析光学谐振腔的稳定性，揭示了光学谐振稳定性与其往返矩阵特征值分布和特征向量数目之间的内在联系.借助于腔的g参数和稳区图，给出了清晰明确的稳定性判据.进一步将稳定性分析方法从空腔推广到非空谐振腔，拓展了判据的适用范围.这种分析方法不仅在数学推导上严密完整，而且能够直观地揭示光腔稳定性的物理本质，为光学谐振腔的设计优化和教学实践提供了清晰的理论指导.

The optical resonator is a key component in modern optical systems, and the study of its stability has significant theoretical and practical importance.This paper analyzes the stability of optical resonators using the eigenspectrum of the round-trip matrix, revealing the intrinsic relationship between stability and the distribution of eigenvalues and the number of eigenvectors.We establish clear and definitive stability criteria by introducing the g parameter and stability diagram.The stability analysis method is further extended from empty resonators to non-empty resonators, broadening the applicability of these criteria.This analytical approach is mathematically rigorous and provides intuitive insights into the physical nature of resonator stability, offering strong theoretical guidance for optical resonator design and optimization.