本文系统探讨了一元三次方程在高中物理问题解决中的建模应用及其简化求解策略.通过对重力场中的抛物线轨迹交点判定和滑块脱离半球临界条件分析、静电场中点电荷的平衡位置求解与电磁场中带电粒子的运动轨迹优化等典型物理问题的讨论，揭示了一元三次方程与物理模型的关联性，并基于有理根定理进行因式分解降阶求解，有效规避繁琐的求根公式，展示了代数工具解决物理问题的独特优势.研究既体现了数学解析的严谨性，又注重物理意义的诠释，具有学科交叉的前沿价值.此外，文章还探讨了生成式人工智能技术在方程参数合理设计中的辅助作用，为试题命制提供数据设置优化思路.本研究为高中物理教学中数学工具的应用及科学思维培养提供了实践参考，具有一定教学启示与命题指导价值.

This article illustrates the application of cubic equations in solving problems related to kinematics, dynamics, gravitational fields, electrostatic fields, and electromagnetic fields through five presented examples. These examples include mock exam questions from various provinces and cities as well as real exam questions from the college entrance examination. Using techniques such as rational root theorem and reasonable approximation, examples are given of how cubic equations can be factorized. Finally, the characteristics of high school physics problems involving cubic equations in analysis and solution are discussed, and examples are provided for reference on how to combine generative artificial intelligence software to empower test question design and teaching expansion.