量子力学自20世纪初诞生以来，深刻改变了微观世界认知. 本文将量子力学理论体系分为核心理论、物理诠释和扩展工具三类，系统回顾从1925年矩阵力学到21世纪贝叶斯量子力学的十四种代表性框架，按历史脉络分析其起源、核心概念、数学表达及应用场景，通过类比阐释物理内涵，揭示量子力学从单粒子到多体系统、从具体运算到抽象代数的演化轨迹，探讨其对数学、哲学及量子信息领域的深远影响. 

Quantum mechanics, a cornerstone of modern physics, has undergone significant theoretical development since its emergence in the early 20th century. This paper classifies quantum mechanical frameworks into three categories—core formalisms, physical interpretations, and extended tools—and examines 14 key frameworks, spanning from matrix mechanics (1925) to Bayesian quantum mechanics (21st century). Each framework is analyzed in historical context, elucidating its theoretical foundations, mathematical formulations, and practical applications,with analogies to clarify complex concepts. The study traces the evolution of quantum mechanics from singleparticle to manybody systems and from concrete computations to abstract algebraic structures, highlighting its profound influence on mathematics, philosophy, and quantum information science.