球面透镜的像差是制约光学仪器精度的关键因素，而利用齐明点可有效消除球差和彗差. 现有的教科书虽详细推导了齐明点公式，但缺乏对光路的详细描述. 本论文通过几何作图法分析单折射球面成像过程，首先证明球面透镜上任意点至两齐明点的光程恒等，确立其为等光程面；进一步揭示当入射角满足一定条件时，折射点位置变化的现象，即两齐明点并非所有光线的共轭点，从而确立正确的光路图像. 本论文还系统归纳两类齐明透镜设计，提出三种透镜组合方案：同向叠加的汇聚透镜组，反向叠加汇聚透镜组，发散与汇聚透镜组合. 这些组合方式为光学系统设计提供了理论依据和应用设想. 

Spherical aberration in spherical lenses limits the precision of optical instruments, but using aplanatic points one can effectively eliminate both spherical aberration and coma. While standard textbooks derive the formulas for aplanatic points, they lack intuitive descriptions of the actual ray propagations from these points. This study analyzes the imaging process at a single refractive spherical surface using geometric ray tracing. It first demonstrates that the optical path length from any point on the spherical surface to the two aplanatic points is constant, establishing these points as lying on a surface of constant optical path length. Furthermore, it reveals that when the incidence angle satisfies certain conditions, the reflective point varies, which shows that the two aplanatic points is not the conjugate points of all rays, therefore establishing the correct picture of ray propagation between aplanatic points. The study systematically categorizes two types of aplanatic lens designs. Additionally, it proposes three lens combination schemes: converging lens groups with parallel orientation; oppositely oriented lens groups; and combinations combining diverging and converging lenses. This combination schemes provide a theoretical basis and practical concepts for optical system design.