2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了约翰·克拉克(John Clarke)、米歇尔·H·德沃雷(Michel H.Devoret)和约翰·M·马丁尼斯(John MMartinis)，以表彰他们在超导电路中实现并操控宏观量子相干态的决定性贡献.他们的工作证明，量子力学的核心特征——相干叠加，并非微观粒子的专属，也可以在由数十亿电子组成的、工程化的人造宏观系统中存在并被精确控制.本文将从量子叠加的基本概念出发，阐述退相干如何模糊了量子与经典的界限，并介绍获奖者如何利用超导电路这一平台，实现了宏观能级量子化、相干振荡与量子隧穿，最终为现代量子计算与量子工程奠定了物理基础.

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis in recognition of their decisive contributions to realizing and controlling macroscopic quantum coherent states in superconducting circuits. Their work demonstrates that coherent superposition—a core feature of quantum mechanics—is not exclusive to microscopic particles but can also exist and be precisely manipulated in engineered artificial systems composed of billions of electrons. This article begins with the fundamental concept of quantum superposition, explains how decoherence blurs the line between the quantum and classical worlds, and describes how the laureates used superconducting circuits to achieve macroscopic energy-level quantization, coherent oscillations, and quantum tunneling—ultimately laying the physical foundations for modern quantum computing and quantum engineering.