In general， there is an example of estimating the surface temperature in the quantum physics part of college physics，however，can this method be extended to estimate the tropospheric temperature profile? In this paper， the earth and multi-layer model of troposphere is established; according to the latest atmospheric absorption and radiation constant， the related parameters of multi - layer model of troposphere are calculated; using the radiation energy balance and Stefan - Boltzmann law，the tropospheric temperature profile is estimated. The calculated results show that in 5 - layers model of the troposphere， the estimated surface temperature and the tropospheric temperature profile are in well agreement with the actual surface average temperature and the 　　tropospheric temperature lowered ratio 6.5K/km under the standard atmosphere model.