Thermodynamics, as a core course in the physics major, not only encompasses rich scientific knowledge but also carries profound philosophical ideas and value connotations. Based on the concept of curriculum-based ideological and political education, this paper explores how to organically integrate ideological and political education elements into thermodynamics teaching, achieving the unity of knowledge transmission and value guidance. By delving into the scientific spirit and patriotic sentiments in the history of thermodynamics development, the philosophical thinking embodied in thermodynamic laws, and the ecological perspective reflected in the entropy increase principle, a “knowledge-capability-socialist core values” tripartite teaching model is constructed. This paper proposes specific implementation strategies such as case-based teaching, thematic seminars, extracurricular practices, and scientist story sessions, aiming to cultivate students scientific literacy, social responsibility, and patriotic sentiments, providing references for the ideological and political construction of major courses.