大学物理 ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (12): 37-.doi: 10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.180275

• 物理实验 • 上一篇    下一篇

密立根油滴实验的理论与误差分析

阳劲松,曾大鹏,陈杰   

  1. 贵州大学物理学院,贵州贵阳55002
  • 出版日期:2018-12-20 发布日期:2019-01-17
  • 作者简介:阳劲松( 1979—) ,男,湖南衡阳人,贵州大学物理学院副教授,博士,主要从事广义相对论、量子引力

Theoretical and error analysis of Millikan’s oil-drop experiment

YANG Jin-song,ZENG Da-peng,CHEN Jie   

  1. School of Physics,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China
  • Online:2018-12-20 Published:2019-01-17

摘要: 密立根及其学生通过精心设计出的油滴实验首次以无可争辩的实验事实揭示出带电体的电荷量具有量子化的特

征,并精确测定出基本电荷量值,成为物理学史上的一个经典实验,其对近现代物理学的发展具有重要的意义. 密立根油滴实

验数据的精度取决于油滴的选取,而实验教材只指出如何选择油滴,却未说明背后的物理原因. 本文将该实验中的油滴作为

研究对象,从实验的理论分析方面着手,进行细致的分析与解析推导,并结合实验误差分析,挖掘出油滴选取的物理内涵,为

油滴的合理选取提供理论支持.

关键词: 密立根油滴实验, 理论分析, 选择原则

Abstract: Millikan and his student designed the oil-drop experiment,which plays an important role in the history

of physics,to reveal that magnitude of any charged bodies takes separation value,and determine magnitude of

the electron’s change. Suitable choices for oil-drop will help us to improve the measuring accuracy. Some books about

physical experiment provided choice rules,however it is not explained the reasons why we shall make that

choices. In this paper,we focus on choice rules for the oil-drop experiment,and reveal the physical reasons by

combining theoretical and error analysis. These results presented in this paper will provide theoretical support for

choice rules of oil-drop.

Key words: Millikan’s oil-drop experiment, theoretical analysis, choice rules