College Physics ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 50-.doi: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250082

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Derivations of the singlet and triplet of two coupled electrons

HUANGYong-yi   

  1. School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • Received:2025-02-21 Revised:2025-04-03 Online:2026-03-13 Published:2026-03-20

Abstract: Using raising and lowering operators, we directly and naturally derive the singlet and triplet of two coupled electrons based on the uncoupled basis.

Key words: singlet, triplet, raising and lowering operators