Abstract: This study examines how temperature fluctuations and incident light angles affect the output of monocrystalline silicon solar cells during operation. Using carrier transport and equivalent vertical incidence models to decouple optical variables, we reveal that incident angle and surface temperature difference dominate performance. Results show that under vertical irradiation, short-circuit current first drops then rises linearly with temperature, while load power decreases with greater temperature difference. At 30° incidence, load power exceeds vertical irradiation due to enhanced absorption from surface plasmon resonance at the metal-semiconductor interface. These findings advance the understanding of solar cell mechanisms and enrich undergraduate physics laboratory teaching.

Key words: Single crystalline silicon solar cells, Angle of incidence, temperature effect, photoelectric output performance, Surface plasmon polaritons