Table of Content

22 September 2026 Volume 45 Issue 7

  

Teaching strategies for experimental courses in physics pedagogy oriented #br# toward rural revitalization#br#

BAI Ling-ling, CHEN Jia-xiong, DENG Wei-ying

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  1.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250587

Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (352KB) ( 23 )  

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This study tackles key issues in rural physics experiment teaching, including equipment shortages, pronounced formalism, and inadequate cultivation of core competencies, by proposing a "dual-track integration" strategy within the Middle School Physics Teaching Methodology Experiment Course. This approach cultivates pre-service teachers ability to transform local resources into teaching tools through a rural research classroom training-simulated teaching pathway, while also advancing the digital transformation of experiment instruction using low-cost virtual platforms such as PhET and Algodoo. Findings demonstrate that the strategy effectively enhances pre-service teachers capacity to conduct experiments adapted to rural contexts, mitigates the traditional overemphasis on theory at the expense of practical training, and offers a feasible route toward competency-oriented transformation of physics experiment teaching in rural areas.



Universal expression for variousorder energy moments in Bose gases

FAN Zhiqiang, PAN Ousi, CHEN Jincan, SU Shanhe

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  7.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250498

Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (163KB) ( 28 )  

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Bose gases hold significant research importance in statistical physics and quantum thermodynamics, as their energy distribution characteristics directly determine the thermodynamic behavior of systems. This paper focuses on ideal Bose systems in equilibrium states and derives a universal expression for variousorder energy moments (i.e., power averages of energy) based on the features of BoseEinstein integrals. This expression achieves a unified characterization of energy statistical properties in Bose systems without relying on system dimensionality or distinguishing between relativistic and nonrelativistic frameworks. The obtained results provide a simple and effective analytical method for the indepth study of physical quantities such as the average number of excited particles, the average energy, and the energy fluctuations in bosonic systems. Additionally, through specific model validations, this paper confirms the correctness and applicability of the expression, demonstrating its broad applicability and potential for generalization in quantum statistical computations and thermodynamic analyses.



Analysis of the problem of hanging picture frames

MO Zhe1, MA Shi-quan2, WANG Jun3, ZHU Jing-ya1

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  10.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250402

Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (717KB) ( 24 )  

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In this work, we focus on the mechanical system of a suspended picture frame. With both the Newtonian mechanics and Lagrangian analytical mechanics methods, we derive the equilibrium conditions of the system and the differential equations of two-degree-of-freedom small oscillations, discuss the existence conditions of normal frequencies. We also use Mathematica to numerically solve the differential equations, verifying the correctness of the relevant discussion results.



Discussion on the deductive teaching method of #br# electromagnetism guided by Maxwells equations#br#

LI Huijie, CHAI Jinhua, LIU Yuwen, WU Yong

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  16.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250395

Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (348KB) ( 25 )  

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The deductive teaching method of electromagnetism guided by Maxwells equations was discussed, including the following contents. Equation (Ⅰ) leads to contents such as electric flux, electric field intensity, Gausss theorem, and electric field energy. Equation (Ⅱ) guides the characteristics of work and energy of the electrostatic field and electromagnetic induction. Equation (Ⅲ) leads to contents such as magnetic flux, Gausss law for magnetic fields and BiotSavart law. Equation (Ⅳ) leads to contents, including the Ampere circuital theorem, energy of a magnetic field and displacement current. Teaching practice has shown that this teaching method can enhance the understanding of Maxwells equations and increase the organization of electromagnetism knowledge.



Dipole-dipole interaction and its effects in two-dimensional semiconductors

WANG Yin-kang, OUYANG Gang

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  22.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250324

Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (317KB) ( 22 )  

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The manipulation of dipole moments in Janus transition metal dichalcogenide van der Waals heterojunctions is a cutting-edge research topic in condensed matter physics. This study develops an atomic-scale theoretical model to investigate the bandgap modulation in Janus MoSSe/MoS2 heterojunctions under external electric fields and dipole moments, revealing the underlying physical mechanisms. Our work not only advances the fundamental understanding of the interplay between electric fields and dipoles, but also serves as an instructive case study, enhancing students theoretical and applied knowledge of dipole models in multidisciplinary contexts.



Explaining the physical connotations of the “direct product” and #br# “direct sum”  forms of solutions in mathematical equations#br#

HUANG Wan-xia, CHEN Nuo, SHU Xin-wen

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  25.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250466

Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (193KB) ( 19 )  

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This paper systematically analyzes the physical significance of the particular solutions constructed via the “direct product” and “direct sum” forms of separation of variables in solving partial differential equations. Taking the central force field problem as an example, it compares and contrasts the approaches used in the Hamilton Jacobi equation (HJE) and the stationary Schrdinger equation. The study shows that the “direct product” form leads to a complete set of eigenfunctions, allowing the general solution to be expanded as a linear superposition of these eigenfunctions, while the “direct sum” form yields Hamiltons characteristic function, which is related to the eigenfunctions via exponential mapping. Examples demonstrate that the constants introduced through separation of variables correspond to conserved quantities of the system, which originate from symmetries. This work establishes a unified framework of “symmetry conserved quantity-separability of equations”, clarifies the physical essence and applicable scope of the two methods, and provides a clear theoretical basis for both teaching and research.



Application of Lamys theorem of three forces balance in statics and kinematics

ZHANG Ju-min, YANG Rui, LI Wen-cheng

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  29.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250443

Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (636KB) ( 16 )  

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This article discusses the problem of three force equilibrium, mainly involving the three force intersection equilibrium theorem and its corresponding Lamys theorem, the three force parallel equilibrium theorem, and its corresponding lever law. Lamys theorem essentially belongs to the triangle sine theorem. This article expands the conditions for the use of the Lamys theorem, thereby simplifying the difficulty of solving the three force convergence equilibrium problem. This article provides examples to illustrate the application of Lamys theorem and levers law in solving problems such as statics and friction. For the first time, the scope of application of Lamys theorem has been extended to kinematics and plane equilibrium force system composed of a couple and three forces. It can be used to calculate velocity in problems such as rigid body plane motion and composite motion of points. The research results help to improve the quality of teaching and cultivate students interest in mechanics. 



Magnetic field propagation characteristics of LaguerreGaussian beams at hierarchical interfaces#br#

HE Jinsong, WANG Mingjun, ZHANG Ying, CHE Jiayang

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  35. 

Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (539KB) ( 15 )  

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The spiral phase of the vortex beam itself allows it to carry more information to meet people's needs and expand the channel capacity in the communication process. Still, the current research based on the theory of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic waves mainly focuses on its electric field, and the research on the magnetic field is not perfect. In this paper, the magnetic field propagation characteristics of LaguerreGaussian beams on the layered interface are discussed, and the magnetic field expressions of the incident wave, reflected wave, and refracted wave of LaguerreGaussian beam at the stationary layered interface and the motion layered interface are derived, and the twodimensional and threedimensional magnetic field strength diagrams are analyzed, and the effects of topological charge and relative motion velocity on the magnetic field strength of LaguerreGaussian beams are obtained.



Demonstration experiment on zoom function of human eye

HUANG Feijun, YANG Yubo, ZHANG Wenkai

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  40.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250566

Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (321KB) ( 15 )  

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The human eye mainly relies on the ciliary muscle to control the curvature of the crystalline lens to realize zoom. Existing demonstrations of the imaging and adjustment functions of the human eye have the limitation of failing to accurately reflect the process. In order to simulate the crystalline lens, 3D printing technology is utilized to design a variable curvature soft lens using transparent soft silicone material, and an adjustable clamping ring was used to change the curvature of the soft lens, thereby changing the focal length of the soft lens and forming different imaging effects. When the object distance is changed, the shape of the soft lens can be adjusted to make the image clear again under the condition of unchanged image distance. The experimental setup demonstrates the knowledge of the imaging and adjustment of the human eye, which can help students to recognize the zoom mode of the human eye correctly. 



Study of the Output Characteristics of single crystalline Silicon#br# Solar Cells under Complex Operating Conditions#br#

GUAN Xinzhou, WANG Changxin, LUO Yunrong, YANG Yurui, DENG Chang

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  45.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250713

Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (749KB) ( 13 )  

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This study examines how temperature fluctuations and incident light angles affect the output of monocrystalline silicon solar cells during operation. Using carrier transport and equivalent vertical incidence models to decouple optical variables, we reveal that incident angle and surface temperature difference dominate performance. Results show that under vertical irradiation, short-circuit current first drops then rises linearly with temperature, while load power decreases with greater temperature difference. At 30° incidence, load power exceeds vertical irradiation due to enhanced absorption from surface plasmon resonance at the metal-semiconductor interface. These findings advance the understanding of solar cell mechanisms and enrich undergraduate physics laboratory teaching.





Design of a Teaching Experiment on a Self-Made Am-Be Neutron Source

LI Ruotie, PANG Xuan, QI Haotian, SUN Yanmei, ZHOU Xiaopeng, SUN Baohua

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  54.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250540

Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (475KB) ( 11 )  

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The Am-Be neutron source is one of the commonly used neutron sources in laboratory settings. In this experiment, a simple Am-Be neutron source was prepared using an 241Am radioactive source and a BeO ceramic plate, with a polyethylene tube serving as the moderator. Neutrons and γ-rays produced were measured using a 3He proportional counter and a LaBr3:Ce detector, respectively. By calculating the neutron yield and the neutron-to-γ-ray count ratio, the feasibility of this preparation method was verified. The experimental setup is simple and operationally safe, helping students gain an in-depth understanding of neutron physical properties and related detection techniques. It provides a practical foundation for nuclear physics experimental teaching.












Measurement of weak magnetic field based on HMC5883L sensor

ZHU Jiaqi, MA Fengxiang, PENG Chunfa, WEI Liwu, ZHANG Li

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  60.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250303

Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (416KB) ( 9 )  

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This article proposes a design scheme for a weak magnetic field measurement system based on STM32 using HMC5883L sensor and a weak magnetic field measurement system is built, which is divided into hardware and software parts. The hardware part is instrument construction, and the software part is data processing. The data processing model is implanted into a microcontroller, which displays the processed data on the display end. The system calibrates the measurement system based on the officially announced magnetic induction intensity at a certain point in space. The calibrated measurement system can be used to measure the magnetic induction intensity at any point in space. In order to verify the accuracy of the measurement results of the system, the measured values of the magnetic induction intensity at the midpoint of the energized solenoid axis were compared and analyzed with the corresponding calculated magnetic induction intensity theory values of the excitation current. The results showed that the relative error of 70 current measurement points decreased exponentially with the linear increase of current, and the system could measure weak magnetic fields relatively accurately.



Construction and practice of the physics experiment curriculum ecosystem #br# driven by gradient advancement-independent innovation-backtracking method#br#

QIU Hongmei1, WU Ping1, ZHANG Shiping1, LI Li2, CHEN Sen1

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  64.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250473

Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (578KB) ( 13 )  

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The team has built an ecosystem for cultivating the innovative ability of physics experiments centered on students development, featuring “gradient advancement - independent innovation - backtracking drive”. By innovating the closed-loop teaching chain, dynamic content update mechanism and dual-faculty collaboration, the three chronic problems of traditional experimental teaching - light thinking, lagging content and the separation of theory and experiment - have been solved, providing a practical model for the cultivation of innovative talents in science and engineering in the new era that can be referred to. This teaching model focuses on innovative thinking and the ability to solve complex problems, which is a core competitiveness that technology cannot replace and has cross-disciplinary promotion value.



Research on the evaluation of curriculum objective achievement of college #br# physics experiment in the context of engineering education accreditation#br#

LIU Dedi, HE Yangyang, ZHANG Ping, GUAN Shouhua, XU Huijing, YU Naisen

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  72.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250277

Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (309KB) ( 12 )  

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This study develops an achievement evaluation system for college physics experiment courses meeting engineering education accreditation standards. Addressing deficiencies in ideological integration, objective clarity, and feedback, it proposes a “values-abilities-innovation” tripartite framework for hierarchical learning outcomes. Based on outcome-based education (OBE) principles, the syllabus is redesigned and a multidimensional process evaluation model is established. Empirical data from the 2023 Functional Materials program at Dalian Minzu University shows target achievement scores above 0.7. Improvement strategies like refined assessment, virtual labs, advanced experiments, and differentiated instruction drive an “evaluate-feedback-optimize” cycle, offering practical insights for accreditation-aligned education reform.






Study on a small-scale automated tensile measurement system for #br# Young’s modulus with multi-sensor collaboration#br#

CHANG Luqing, JIN Ruixue, YU Jingwen, WU Yuguo, LIU Xiang, PENG Xiaoniu

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  77.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250282

Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (323KB) ( 12 )  

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Measuring Young’s modulus by the tensile method constitutes a classic experiment in college physics experiments teaching. Nevertheless, conventional methodologies exhibit significant limitations, including cumbersome operational procedures, challenges in force regulation, and prolonged experimental duration. To address these issues, this study presents a systematic redesign of the experimental apparatus. Specifically, the deformation length of the metal wire is measured by connecting it to a digital micrometer gauge, and a tension sensor is employed to measure the magnitude of the pulling force, thus designing a set of miniaturized and automated measuring devices. Compared with the traditional optical lever method, the relative combined uncertainty of this experiment is reduced to approximately 2%, achieving higher precision while meeting the measurement objectives. Additionally, it realizes automated data collection, significantly enhancing the experimental efficiency. 






Visualization of two-dimensional standing wave based #br# on simulation and experiment#br#

YANG Runjia, LU Guangduo, FAN Shuaiwei

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  81.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250267

Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (513KB) ( 29 )  

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Wave is a universal physical phenomenon. Due to the abstraction and difficulty in direct observation, two-dimensional waves have not been elaborately and deeply explained in most textbooks. Based on the Python, we develop a program which can visualize the two-dimensional mechanical wave and standing wave. The program also possesses the function of human-computer interaction, and can output the image of two-dimensional standing wave, standing wave vibration animation and mechanical wave propagation animation with the input parameters. The computational simulation can assist to visualize the Abstract： theories, and help students’ understanding of the properties of two-dimensional standing waves, cultivating students’ thinking ability and imagination ability, greatly improving the teaching effect, and laying a foundation for students’ future study and research work. 



Integrating ARPES experiments into the undergraduate #br# teaching of band theory#br#

LIU Zhonghao, ZHEN Hongrun, LIU Yanhui, TANG Shiwei

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  86.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250327

Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (464KB) ( 14 )  

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The properties of materials are fundamentally determined by their electronic structure. As a core component of undergraduate Solid State Physics courses, band theory serves as a crucial theoretical framework linking the microscopic behavior of electrons with the macroscopic properties of materials. Although the theoretical system of band theory is well-established, current textbooks generally lack corresponding experimental content. As a result, students often struggle to intuitively grasp key concepts such as the Fermi surface, density of states, Fermi velocity, and effective mass. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), an important experimental technique in modern condensed matter physics, enables the direct observation of a materials electronic band structure and offers visual support for the teaching of band theory. This paper proposes the integration of ARPES fundamentals and a simplified experimental module into undergraduate instruction, aiming to establish a unified Theory-Experiment Application teaching framework. Through a combination of experimental demonstrations, data analysis tasks, and theoretical extensions, this approach seeks to spark student interest, deepen their understanding of electronic structure, and promote the integration of theoretical learning with experimental practice. This effort not only broadens and enriches the content of physics education but also offers a practical path for building a synergistic model that connects frontier research with undergraduate teaching.



An Analysis on the Driving Forces Required for Scientists Success:#br# The investigation is centered around Academician Peng Kunchi#br#

HOU Yude

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  93.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.260007

Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (442KB) ( 13 )  

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Physicists are accustomed to focusing on the factors that determine success from the perspective of various forces. Chen Ning Yang, Zhou Guangzhao, Peng Kunchi as renowned academicians have all provided explanations and elaborations on this based on their own experiences and insights. This article, based on interviews and other writings, summarizes, concludes and elaborates on the main driving forces or capabilities that enabled Academician Peng Kunchi to achieve success under unfavorable conditions, such as in ordinary local universities. The conclusion indicates that scientists to achieve extraordinary success in the field of research, in a nutshell, they need to be physically healthy, psychologically confident, have excellent professional skills, possess a strong sense of ambition, dedication to their work, and good communication skills, etc. Any problem in any of these aspects will have a direct impact on their scientific careers. However, people know that achieving success is difficult, but they often simplify the factors that determine success too much. For instance, a considerable number of people attribute success or failure solely to the quality of research conditions and intelligence. These two factors are indeed important, but they cannot determine whether a scientist succeed or fail inevitably. The main idea of this article is to let young scientists realize through the true story of Academician Peng Kunchi that in addition to these two factors, success also requires paying attention to many other aspects.



Design and Implementation of a Total Reflection Liquid Refractive Index #br# Measurement Device Based on Simulation-Experiment #br# Synergistic Optimization#br#

YANGzhiwen, YANG lin, DUAN chaomi, MAO xiangrui, XIANG wenli

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  101. 

Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (536KB) ( 10 )  

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In this paper, a new method for measuring the refractive index of liquids based on the principle of total internal reflection is proposed. Through the combination of numerical simulation and experimental verification, the optimal design and performance of the refractive index measurement device are realized and verified. Based on MATLAB simulations, the influence of liquid groove top angle parameters on the refractive index measurement range is systematically analyzed, and a control mechanism for key parameters is established. Furthermore, an experimental device has been developed, integrating a coaxial rotating dual-dial reading system with a smartphones optical sensor, based on these simulation results. The adjustable platform design significantly enhances the systems adaptability and precision. Experimental verification demonstrates that the relative error in the refractive index measurement of deionized water and NaCl solutions of different concentrations is well below 5.00%, confirming the reliability of the method and the accuracy of the device. This provides a new visualization and precision scheme for the measurement of the refractive index of transparent liquids.






Room-temperature photon counting and photon number #br# resolving experimental setup#br#

FANG Xiaolong1, WU Yun2, ZHANG Guoqing1, 2, 3

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  108.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250347

Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (601KB) ( 14 )  

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Photon detectors with single-photon sensitivity and photon number resolving capability have important applications in weak-light detection fields such as quantum communication, lidar, fluorescence measurement, nuclear radiation detection, astronomical detection, and biomedicine. The traditional single-photon counting experimental instrument only has the photon counting capability and does not have the photon number resolving capability. This paper presents a room-temperature photon counting and photon number resolving experimental setup based on a multi-pixel photon counter detection module. This setup can demonstrate photon counting and photon number resolving experiments for short-pulsed light, intuitively demonstrate the particle nature of light, and replace the traditional single-photon counting experimental instrument.



Modern application of Cherenkov effect—Terahertz radiation based on#br# wavefronttilted phasematching optical rectification#br#

HE Zengyu1, MAO Jingyi1, LI Ke2, WANG Tao1, ZHANG Xuefeng1

College Physics. 2026, 45(7):  113.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250449

Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (353KB) ( 10 )  

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In recent years, with the rapid development of the ultrafast field, terahertz radiation has shown increasingly innovative applications in scientific research, such as biomedicine, materials science, communication technology, imaging field and so on. However, the physical mechanism of strongfield terahertz radiation based on tilted wavefront phasematching optical rectification has a long history, known as Cherenkov effect, which was discovered over a century ago. Undergraduate students majoring in physics learn Cherenkov effect at first time as an optional topic in the “Doppler Effect” section of chapter “Wave” in mechanics. For a long time, the Cherenkov effect has not drawn sufficient attention. As a physical concept, Cherenkov effect involves multiple courses, starting from the Mach cone in mechanics and connecting to Cherenkov radiation in electrodynamics. As for the application level, Cherenkov effect plays a very important role in modern world, both technological and scientific fields. By comparing and analyzing the Cherenkov effect with the physical mechanism of terahertz radiation based on wavefronttilted phasematching optical rectification, we will not only deepen students' understanding of basic physical concepts but also guides them to explore the frontiers of science and technology, truly practicing the educational philosophy of “leading science and technology coming from the theory and merging into the theory”.