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The orbital equation of celestial body motion andthe orbital velocity WANG Yaocheng, MENG Junxia College Physics    2025, 44 (9): 103-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240542 Abstract （1206）      PDF（pc） （540KB）（416）       Knowledge map    Save At present, the process of calculating the orbits and orbital velocities of celestial bodies involves many advanced mathematical concepts and physical principles, which are rather difficult for teenagers to understand. To facilitate a deeper understanding of celestial motion, this article uses conic sections and their properties, which are easier to understand, to discuss and calculate the orbital equations and orbital velocities of celestial bodies. A concise formula for orbital velocity is derived. Moreover, compared with non-purely theoretical calculation methods, it not only provides a more precise description of the calculation process but also summarizes the motion situations under all velocity ranges, demonstrating the importance of mathematics in physics. It is hoped that this will inspire teenagers' love for physics.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantenmechanik：Produkt aus G-ttingen CAO Zexian College Physics    2025, 44 (8): 1-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250210 Abstract （1002）      PDF（pc） （1747KB）（862）       Knowledge map    Save Although the wave mechanics was developed by Austrian Schrdinger in Swiss and the relativistic quantum equation was derived by British Dirac, yet we can safely say that quantum mechanics is a product of Gttingen, a conclusion easy to arrive when the relevant ideas, concepts and methodology are evaluated in an objective manner. It is Riemann who first introduced in 1854 the concept of Quanta into geometry, and in publications of Wien in the period of 1893-1900 the concepts such as Energiequantum (energy quantum)， Arbeisquantum (work quantum), Wrmequantum( heat quantum) were to be seen frequently. Sommerfeld, one who created the atomic physics with his many gifted disciples, completed his Habilitation under Klein, and the concept of bermechanik (Supermechanics) proposed by him in 1919 can be understood as the precursor of quantum mechanics. Born lectured in 1923/1924 over Atommechnik (atom mechanics), and coined the word Quantenmechanik (quantum mechanics) in a paper in 1924. At the same year, the book Methoden der mathematischen Physik coauthored by Hilbert and Courant was published, and in the preface Courants assistant Jordan was acknowledged. In 1925, inspired by Heisenbergs quantum theoretical formulation of the Kramers dispersion relation, Born and Jordan, the latter just got his Ph.D. degree under Born, constructed the matrix mechanics. Born was familiar with matrix algebra since in 1908 Minkowski had let Toeplitz to teach him that subject to prepare for his research over relativity. Jordan later initiated the research over quantum field theory and quantum biology. In 1926, Born put forward the probability interpretation to Schrdingers wavefunction. In 1927, Heisenberg published his seminal paper over the uncertainty principle, von Neumann began his effort to axiomatize quantum mechanics, Weyl taught and researched on group theory and quantum mechanics in Zurich, and Wigner also began to explore the application of group theory in quantum mechanics. All these heroes of quantum mechanics are graduate student and/or staff member of University Gttingen, and they all benefited from the mathematical tradition of Gttingen that had been established by Gauss, Riemann, Klein, Hilbert, Minkowski, etc. The basic concepts in quantum mechanics such as eigenvalue problem, eigenvalue spectrum of operators, vector space and so on are all originated in Gttingen. In a word, quantum mechanics, a branch of mathematical physics full of philosophical color, is, and it can only be, the product of Gttingen. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on the Mpemba effect CHEN Xuanqing1, LUO Yichen1, TIAN Zhuangzhuang1, ZHOU Tiexiang1, HOU Yidong1, 2 College Physics    2025, 44 (8): 50-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240508 Abstract （962）      PDF（pc） （1011KB）（1059）       Knowledge map    Save Water is one of the most common substances in nature and the foundation for the survival of Earth’s carbon-based life forms. Although water molecules and their related physical and chemical effects have been extensively studied, many peculiar phenomena caused by water still cannot be scientifically explained. The Mpemba effect is one typical example. In 1969, Mpemba and Dr. Denis Osborne reported in the British journal “Physics Teacher” that, under the same mass and cooling conditions, water with a higher initial temperature freezes before water with a lower initial temperature. This phenomenon, which seems to defy thermodynamic common sense, has received long-term and widespread attentions. However, due to the complexity of this phenomenon, the academic community has not been able to provide a scientifically rigorous explanation so far. Given the widespread impact of the Mpemba effect on daily production and life, this article summarizes the possible causes and influencing factors based on reported research results, aiming to present a systematic progress in research and enhance readers’ understanding of the Mpemba effect. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design of an experimental scheme for measuring the linear thermal  expansion coefficient of metals via single-slit diffraction using Phyphox Kexin LI, Zhenghan JIAO, Shiqi DAN, Honglin ZHANG, Pingchuan XU, Zhijiao ZHANG, Yongqiang LI College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 6-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240577 Abstract （774）      PDF（pc） （426KB）（490）       Knowledge map    Save To optimize the measurement of metal′s linear expansion coefficient, a lever system combines Fraunhofer single-slit diffraction with thermal expansion. The small expansion is reflected in diffraction fringe changes, while Phyphox collects real-time data, enabling precise measurements. This setup improves accuracy, reduces costs, and enhances students′ innovation and practical skills.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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College physics experiment teaching based on students’major:  a case study of “optic polarization experiments” DING Tao, WANG Xiaofeng College Physics    2025, 44 (8): 86-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240567 Abstract （716）      PDF（pc） （711KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Save How to stimulate college students interest and enthusiasm for "College Physics Experiments" is an important issue currently faced in College physics education reform. Reshaping the "College Physics Experiments" syllabus based on students professional backgrounds is a crucial approach to overcome such difficulty. This case study uses the "Light Polarization Experiment" as an example. Building upon the basic requirements of standardized experimental projects in college physics, it introduces advanced polarization optics experiments that align with students majors and vector polarization optics experiments related to cutting-edge research. It also adds after-class extension experiments closely connected to real life. The teaching method adopts a blend of virtual and real scenarios, using situational inspiration. It organically integrates ideological and political elements into the experimental teaching process, stimulating students learning interest, cultivating a rigorous and pragmatic scientific attitude, and fostering a spirit of exploration and innovation. This approach has developed students scientific enthusiasm and research potential, fully embodying the guiding ideology of "three-integrity education" and the teaching design concept of “high-leveled, innovative and challenging characteristics”. It is highly extendable and exploitable, which has received positive feedback from students. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Principle analysis and teaching reflection on the double cone rolling uphill experiment#br# WANG Pengying, ZHOU Lina, ZHOU Hangyu, KONG Lijuan College Physics    2025, 44 (9): 49-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-712.240573 Abstract （707）      PDF（pc） （518KB）（291）       Knowledge map    Save The double cone rolling uphill experiment is a common science demonstration experiment. However, its principle analysis often remains at a qualitative or semi-quantitative stage. Building a model based on physical objects and analyzing its principles is a key capability and core literacy of the physics discipline. This article takes the double cone rolling uphill experiment as an example, based on the content of University Physics and Theoretical Mechanics courses. By establishing a coordinate system, solving the equation of the center of mass motion trajectory, and analyzing the conditions for the cone to roll up. Additionally, it further derives the speed of the center of mass during the double cone rolling uphill process, discusses the conditions for rolling without slipping, and the position of the contact point between the cone and the inclined track. By using theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems, students′ key capabilities in physics are improved. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Deep Comparison between Standing Wave Method and Phase Method in Sound Velocity Measurement Experiments JIA Xiaowen, FAN Haiying, YIN Lin College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 56-.   DOI: 10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240252 Abstract （677）      PDF（pc） （372KB）（328）       Knowledge map    Save The principles of measuring sound velocity using standing wave method and phase difference method are presented through numerical calculation combined with traveling wave method. The differences between standing wave method and phase difference method in measuring sound velocity are compared, and the influence of air absorption coefficient, reflection coefficient, and measurement distance on the accuracy of sound velocity measurement is discussed. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that standing wave method behaves accurately at a slightly smaller distance from the sound source, while phase method behaves accurately at a slightly larger distance. Whether it is standing wave method or phase difference method, experimental measurement results always deviate positively from the true value. Overall, the accuracy of phase method is better than that of standing wave method. The sound field distribution between transducers is a mixed wave between standing wave and traveling wave. When the reflection coefficient is larger, the standing wave effect is obvious. When the absorption coefficient is large, the traveling wave effect is obvious. When the measurement distance is small, the standing wave effect is obvious and when measuring distance is larger, the traveling wave effect is significant Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Multi-technical integration experiment for measuring the young’ s modulus  of metal wires: improvements and precision enhancement HUANG Shuqi, LI Yuke College Physics    2025, 44 (10): 96-.   DOI: 10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.250026 Abstract （666）      PDF（pc） （203KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save The conventional experimental setup of Youngs modulus measurement based on optical lever method has been believed to exhibit some disadvantages such as high operational requirements and relatively low data accuracy, making it difficult to meet the needs of highquality teaching. Here, we employed a new method to improve the traditional experimental setup through using air wedge instead of optical lever, thereby this setup is characterized by its integrated design, which saves space. A pulley is added to change the direction of the wedge angle, which expands the angle and increases the measurement range. In addition, a vernier caliper is designed to improve the measurement accuracy of the metal wire. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the characteristics of interference patterns of Fresnels Biprism SONG Xueyang, ZHANG Ruixuan, LI Sicheng, Yu Xiaochong BAI Zaiqiao College Physics    2025, 44 (10): 89-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240512 Abstract （662）      PDF（pc） （558KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save The interference pattern of Fresnels biprism is recorded by a CMOS camera and converted to intensity distribution curve. It is found that the envelope of the interference fringes fluctuates regularly in the central region and decays rapidly on both sides, two features cannot be observed in the classic double-slit interference pattern. To explain this phenomenon, a simple model is proposed that take the straight-edge diffraction at the ridge of the biprism into consideration. By MATLAB simulation, light intensity distribution matching the observed characteristics is obtained. The model also implies that the spacing between interference fringes gradually narrows in the diffraction regions on both sides. Moreover, the relationship between the number and visibility of interference fringes in the central region with the slit width and the position of the biprism is studied. All the results are in good agreement with the experiment measurements. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Classical physics: the integration of theoretical mechanics and electrodynamics QIN Sixue College Physics    2026, 45 (1): 1-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250502 Abstract （640）      PDF（pc） （742KB）（710）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional physics teaching system of the so-called “four core mechanics” emphasizes “disassembly” over “integration”. In particular, theoretical mechanics and electrodynamics have long been virtually disconnected and underrepresented. On the one hand, theoretical mechanics focuses on the laws of motion and mechanical principles, lacking a discussion of the nature of forces, whereas electrodynamics precisely reveals the nature of forces through the language of fields. On the other hand, electrodynamics focuses on the experimental laws and equations of motion of electromagnetic fields, lacking a discussion of the nature of electromagnetic fields, whereas theoretical mechanics precisely reveals the nature of electromagnetic fields from the perspective of fundamental degrees of freedom. Drawing on these two perspectives, we attempt to establish a “classical physics” system that integrates theoretical mechanics and electrodynamics: course foundations, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics, applications of classical mechanics, correspondences between forces and fields, laws of electromagnetic fields, static electromagnetic fields, dynamical electromagnetic fields, and an introduction to relativity. Instead of the solution of specific mechanical and electromagnetic problems, this system emphasizes the profound principles, beautiful structures, and extensive connections of classical physics. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Further discussion on the relation between the electric displacement  vector D and polarization charges SONG Li-tao1, HE Jie2, WANG Jie-fang1 College Physics    2025, 44 (10): 14-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250105 Abstract （631）      PDF（pc） （211KB）（313）       Knowledge map    Save In the teaching of electromagnetism, it is often asked whether the electric displacement vector D is related to the polarization charge. In this paper, the relation between the electric displacement vector D and the polarization charge is further discussed based on the viewpoints and arguments presented in previous literatures. The results demonstrate that due to the constraint relationship between free charges and polarization charges, it is inaccurate to simplistically state that the electric displacement vector D is either related or unrelated to polarization charges. The “conditions under which D is independent of polarization charges” proposed in previous literature should be more appropriately termed as “conditions under which the distribution of polarization charges does not affect the original distribution of free charges”. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis on the commonalities of the physics education thoughts of Mr. Zhao  Kaihua and Feynman and their enlightenments HAN Jiajia, ZHANG Hui, SHI Bo, ZHANG Changjiang, HUANG Lingling College Physics    2025, 44 (8): 98-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250002 Abstract （628）      PDF（pc） （537KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save Both Mr. Zhao Kaihua and Feynman are masters of physics education. This paper focuses on the physics education thoughts of the two masters. Through the methods of literature research and comparative analysis, it analyzes the common characteristics in their physics education thoughts from five aspects: the establishment of physical concepts, the importance of scientific knowledge-seeking methods, the connection of frontier contents in physics, the interest of physical knowledge and the cultivation of curiosity and exploratory spirit, and draws the enlightenment for current physics teaching and provides a reference for optimizing teaching. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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“Enhancing interest, integrating ideological and political education, and enriching resources” reform and practice of college physics teaching ZHU Baohua, ZHENG Yuanlei College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 77-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240474 Abstract （627）      PDF（pc） （316KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save In response to numerous issues arising in the teaching of college physics, a teaching reform plan of “enhancing interest, integrating ideological and political education, and increasing resources” has been proposed. During the teaching process, the studentcentered, practiceoriented, and cooperative and interactive teaching philosophies are adhered to. By utilizing blended onlineoffline teaching, the classroom’s attractiveness and students’ learning interest and initiative are enhanced by incorporating uptodate teaching content, closely integrating applied practical cases and frontier achievement cases. Additionally, ideological and political education evaluation is integrated into the teaching evaluation system to implement the comprehensive cultivation of morality, intelligence, and emotions, ensuring the simultaneous achievement of teaching and educational goals. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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COMSOL simulation of radiated electromagnetic field generated by uniformly moving charged particles HUANG Zhong, CHEN Qing College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 61-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250126 Abstract （621）      PDF（pc） （383KB）（185）       Knowledge map    Save Cherenkov radiation and SmithPurcell radiation refer to the phenomenon of uniformly moving charged particles radiating electromagnetic fields outward, which commonly used in the design and fabrication of efficient and controllable terahertz light sources．Due to the limitations of complex theoretical deduction and experimental exploration, students find it difficult to form clear physical images in classroom learning. This article uses COMSOL software to study the above two phenomena and quantitatively provides the influence of charged particle velocity on the power, direction, and frequency of the radiated electromagnetic field. The simulation results are consistent with theoretical expectations. In addition, this article also presents a simple method for continuously tuning the radiation power and frequency of SmithPurcell radiation in the power range of 060 W and the frequency range of 1.21.8 THz, and gives the explanation of its physical mechanism. This work will help students form physical images of electromagnetic radiation from charged particles, and can also serve as a supplement to quantitative experimental design in related physics teaching. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cultivation of top physics talents in the era of artificial intelligence CAO Qinghong1, LIU Jia1, WU Taoli1, WANG Xiaoping2, LI Bin3, SANG Haibo4 College Physics    2025, 44 (12): 1-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250378 Abstract （618）      PDF（pc） （745KB）（710）       Knowledge map    Save This paper systematically explores the role and pathways of artificial intelligence (AI) in cultivating top-tier talent in the field of physics. It analyzes AIs educational potential in enhancing teaching efficiency，optimizing learning experiences，and enabling personalized support. Using examples such as the problem-based collaborative teaching model (TSAI) and AI-empowered undergraduate research training，the study examines practical implementations of AI in physics education. AI is positioned not merely as a technological tool but as a driving force for transforming educational philosophy and learning approaches. By leveraging the complementary strengths of humans and AI through human-AI collaboration，the approach aims to foster students abilities in questioning，decision-making，and innovation，thereby reinforcing the educational value of physics. Finally，the paper offers practical recommendations for integrating AI into physics education，providing theoretical and practical insights for talent cultivation in higher education. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Entropy conservation and entropy increase of ideal gas system on a ring Hai-Jun Zhou College Physics    2025, 44 (10): 1-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712. 250383 Abstract （617）      PDF（pc） （201KB）（289）       Knowledge map    Save The entropy of microscopic configurations of a classical ideal gas system located on a one-dimensional ring is investigated. It is verified that the distribution of particles on the ring becomes more and more uniform，and the positional entropy increases with time toward the maximum value，while the total entropy (contributed by positional uncertainty and velocity uncertainty) is conserved in the rigorous mathematical sense. The velocities of particles which are passing through the same position at the same time become more and more quantized，and the gap between adjacent discrete velocity values gradually reduces to zero as time increases. This quantization property means that，as the velocity resolution limit of an observer must be finite in the sense of physical measurement，the measured entropy of microscopic configurations must be increasing with time. This simple system is helpful for understanding the second law of thermodynamics. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress of spin seebeck effect ZHENG Xiaoli, CAI Jianwang College Physics    2025, 44 (9): 61-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240484 Abstract （609）      PDF（pc） （1070KB）（633）       Knowledge map    Save  Heat currents can interact with spin current, leading to the emergence of a new field, spin caloritronics, where the main focus is on exploring the interactions and evolutions among spin, charge, and heat, with the anticipation of further developing related devices with application values.The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) falls within the scope of spin caloritronics.This paper integrates the spin Seebeck effect with university-level physics knowledge.Starting from the basics of thermoelectric effects, it elaborates on the manifestation, measurement methods, and mechanisms of the spin Seebeck effect in material systems.It demonstrates its significance in the field of spin caloritronics and aids university teachers and students in better understanding this cutting-edge physical phenomenon. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Measurement design for Hall sensitivity using Hall effect CHU Xiaoling, XU Ning, WU Feng College Physics    2025, 44 (8): 74-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240590 Abstract （600）      PDF（pc） （607KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save In traditional Hall effect experiments for Hall sensitivity measurement, 4 side effects are usually considered. Based on the experimental data, the influence of side effects on the accuracy of Hall sensitivity is valuated. It is confirmed that the voltage drop due to unequal potential is most prominent, while other side effects are negligible. Furthermore, considering that the Hall voltage and the voltage drop due to unequal potential vary differently with the magnitudes of the working current and the external magnetic field, two new schemes, i.e., applying linear least squares method and binary quadratic nonlinear model, respectively, for measuring Hall sensitivity are proposed. Then, the strategy for eliminating system errors with symmetric measurement method in the traditional experiment is improved to a strategy of solving problems from differences. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The footsteps of a physics pioneers : Translation of a classic work by Dr. ShouChin Wang Wu, Congjun College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 1-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250548 Abstract （598）      PDF（pc） （151KB）（397）       Knowledge map    Save In 1927, Dr. Shou-Chin Wang published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift, where he, for the first time, used quantum mechanical methods to derive the long-range attractive potential proportional to -1/R6 between two distant atoms. This work reveals the mechanism of van der Waals interaction arising from the instantaneous electric dipole moment fluctuations. A subsequent systematic study was completed by F. London three years later, who also cited Wang′s work. This research represents a significant early application of quantum mechanics. However, it has long been overlooked in literature, primarily due to the difficulty in accessing the original German text and the lack of an English translation. This article presents a Chinese translation based on a recent English version of the work. On the occasion of the centenary of the establishment of quantum mechanics, we re-examine this underestimated contribution and pay tribute to pioneering Chinese physicists like Dr. Shou-Chin Wang. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A complex solution to a onedimensional vibration problem CHEN Le-le, LUO Qin College Physics    2025, 44 (11): 36-.   DOI: 10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250038 Abstract （570）            Knowledge map    Save In this paper，the equations of motion of a onedimensional harmonic resonator system are fully solved using the complex number form. Based on the method of combining complex numbers with ordinary calculus，this work carries out the research on the solution methods of 1D simple harmonic oscillator models in university physics textbooks，and forms a unified solution method for the equations of motion under different damping and driving force conditions. In addition，the method of this paper is also applicable to the solution of the equations of motion of onedimensional damped oscillators under the action of nonperiodic external driving force. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）