Table of Content

01 August 2026 Volume 45 Issue 6

  

The application of scanning tunneling microscope and ultrahigh vacuum system in the exploration of experimental courses for graduate students on material characterization methods

ZHENG Beining1, ZHANG Yuan2, GENG Zhibin2, HAN Mei2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  1.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250086

Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (728KB) ( 93 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

With the rapid development of materials science, surface science and nanoscience, people’s understanding of materials has been indepth to the atomic level, and a series of atomic level testing and characterization methods have been developed, among which ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHVSTM) is a typical representative. Although more and more UHVSTM has entered the domestic universities and scientific research institutions, it is rarely applied to the teaching practice of undergraduate and graduate students because of its valuable value, especially the complex structure of ultrahigh vacuum system. Taking UHVSTM as an example, this paper discusses the necessity of UHVSTM teaching for graduate students from the perspective of the structural design and system maintenance of ultrahigh vacuum system, and initially puts forward specific teaching content design, including the introduction of the latest scientific research results in class and the structural design and system maintenance of ultrahigh vacuum system. It is possible to give full play to the application of UHVSTM in postgraduate teaching. 




Deep study and visualization of the electric field of semi-infinite parallel plate capacitor#br#

ZHOU Qunyi1, LIU Tiangui1, ZHONG Zheng2, MO Yunfei3, CHEN Chuansheng4

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  7.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250431

Abstract ( 99 )   PDF (1100KB) ( 92 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The electric field of a semiinfinite parallel plate capacitor is a typical problem, which can reflect the basic characteristics for the electric field of a parallel plate capacitor. SchwarzChristopher transform is needed to solve the electric field of semiinfinite parallel plate capacitors. By using the transformation formula of ζ plane and z plane, the parametric equation of the equipotential line and the electric field line is derived, and then the explicit function equation is derived, and the curves of the equipotential line and a set of the electric field line are plotted. Besides, the implicit function of the electric field component and the magnitude and direction of the combined field strength are obtained. The threedimensional surface is drawn and the law of the electric field distribution is explained.






Electrostatic Green’s functions and image charge distributions  in spherical domains under various boundary conditions

HU Zhewen, MIAO Rongxin

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  14.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250458

Abstract ( 137 )   PDF (623KB) ( 68 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Electrostatic problems in spherical domains are classical problems in electrodynamics and are widely applied in engineering and technology. The method of images, pioneered by Kelvin, has become a central tool for such problems. This paper systematically studies Green’s functions for spherical boundaries. For three types of boundary conditions—Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin—this paper derives the analytical solutions of Green’s functions both inside and outside the sphere, along with their corresponding image source configurations. For Neumann and Robin boundaries, the research starts from the freespace Green’s function. Legendre polynomial expansions are employed to introduce boundary correction terms. Closedform solutions are obtained through integration. The results show that under these two boundary conditions, the image sources on the Neumann line appear as a uniform and a powerlaw distribution of rays or line segments, respectively.



Fundamental theories of magneto-optical Kerr and Faraday effects

YANG Ping 1, 2, HE Weiyan1, HAN Bin1, FENG Wanxiang2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  21.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250427

Abstract ( 74 )   PDF (1043KB) ( 70 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The magneto-optical effect has demonstrated increasing scientific significance and technological potential in the study of magnetic materials. However, due to the complexity of its theoretical framework, it is often difficult to cover in depth within standard courses such as optics, electromagnetism, and computational physics. As a result, students frequently encounter challenges such as unclear physical intuition and complicated mathematical derivations. Starting from the Fresnel equations, this paper systematically constructs a complete theoretical framework linking magnetic circular dichroism in materials to the expressions of Kerr and Faraday rotation angles. By integrating typical application scenarios such as magnetic domain imaging and optical isolators, the abstract theory is organically connected to practical cases, providing undergraduate students with a teaching reference that combines theoretical depth and practical relevance for a deeper understanding of magneto-optical effects.



Teaching investigation on density of states in semiconductor physics

ZHANG Jiong-tao, LUO Xiao-guang

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  26.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250343

Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (777KB) ( 55 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

As a core concept in semiconductor physics, density of states (DOS) serves as the theoretical foundation for understanding carrier statistics, transport phenomena, and device performance. In order to address three key teaching challenges (including the abstract nature of k-space, complex mathematical derivations, and variations in material band structures), we propose: (1) a “rooms in building analogy method” to visualize quantum states, (2) “ellipsoidal shell/ellipsoid derivation methods” to reveal the physical essence of DOS formulas while simplifying mathematical processes, and (3) illustrate general DOS calculation strategies for common semiconductors using silicon as an example. The investigation aims to establish a structured pedagogical framework to help students overcome conceptual barriers, thereby laying theoretical groundwork for carrier statistics and device performance analysis.



Generalized Foucault pendulum and its precession rotation angle: a direct calculation method#br#

LIU Fei, PANG Gangqiang, JIN Shuo

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  30.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250481

Abstract ( 83 )   PDF (533KB) ( 66 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The Foucault pendulum model in textbooks is generalized to a small vibration system with spherical constraint, where the vibration center undergoes slow motion along any closed orbit on the sphere. Starting from the Lagrangian function of the generalized Foucault pendulum, the adiabatic approximate solution and precession angle are derived. The results show that under the adiabatic approximation, the precession angle is independent of motion details, being only a functional of the closed orbit, which geometrically originates from the solid angle of the spherical area enclosed by the closed orbit. This paper avoids the application of theories of differential geometry such as surface vector translation.



Investigation on onedimensional infinite square well: a threedimensional framework based on a classical collision model

SUN Lei1, 2, WU Kedi1, 2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  35.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250336

Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (609KB) ( 59 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper addresses the prevalent issue in undergraduate quantum mechanics instruction of the onedimensional infinite square well, where mathematical derivation is prioritized over physical imagery, proposing a restructured teaching approach through a threedimensional “physical imagerymathematical formalismclassical limit” framework by introducing a classical collision model as a cognitive bridge—where the physical imagery dimension visually demonstrates kineticpotential energy conservation to clarify boundary origins and correct “classical deep well” misconceptions; the mathematical formalism dimension employs dimensional analysis and probability density analogies to imbue energy parameters and boundary conditions with physical meaning; and the classical limit dimension contrasts average probability density and zeropoint energy with classical models to reveal quantum systems’ essential characteristics, with practice confirming this strategy effectively helps students overcome cognitive biases, grasp core concepts like wave function statistical interpretation and energy quantization, and establish a quantum thinking paradigm.



The Volkov solution of free charged particles in intense laser field

LIU Shiwei1, SUN Liping1, ZHANG Xin2, WU Binbing3

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  40.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250660

Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (559KB) ( 40 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The Volkov state, as an exact description of the quantum dynamics of a free charged particle in a plane electromagnetic field, is a central ingredient of theoretical frameworks for lasermatter interaction. In this work, within a unified planewave model, the Dirac equation is solved to obtain the Dirac–Volkov solution, which is then reduced, under nonrelativistic and fixedspin approximations, to a Schrdinger–Volkov state that explicitly incorporates nondipole modification. The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is further employed to construct the corresponding classical action picture. The analysis clarifies that Volkov descriptions formulated in different theoretical frameworks share an intrinsically unified phase structure, which reveals mechanisms of the particle’s transverse oscillations, longitudinal drift, and effectivemass effects. It is also shown that nondipole modification can be interpreted as the effective coupling between the particle momentum and the laser field. 



From frequency to probability: a generalization of the mean free path formula

SONG Yidan, WANG Yijun, HAO Enxuan, LIU Yi

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  46.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250298

Abstract ( 68 )   PDF (505KB) ( 65 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The mean free path is a fundamental concept in physics that reveals the statistical nature of microscopic particle motion. It plays a crucial role in various fields, including gas dynamics, condensed matter physics, and particle and nuclear physics. This paper analyzes and generalizes the mean free path formula based on different physical models, aiming to guide students in identifying new problems within existing knowledge frameworks and to deepen their understanding of physical principles through inquirybased learning. The teaching approach emphasizes the application and transfer of knowledge and methods to stimulate students’ interest, foster scientific thinking, and enhance their ability to investigate physical phenomena.



Symmetry inelasticity and its teaching applications

YUAN Xuebo

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  49.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250444

Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (525KB) ( 53 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper discusses the role of symmetry in elasticity teaching and its application to representative problems. Three cases are considered: the plane strain problem, the bending of a simply supported beam, and axisymmetric problems in polar coordinates. These examples show how symmetry reduces computational complexity, highlights the mathematical structure of problems, and provides intuitive insights into stress and displacement distributions. In teaching practice, applying symmetry as a central theme not only facilitates problem analysis but also strengthens students’ logical reasoning, modeling skills, and mechanical intuition, offering useful guidance for classroom instruction.



Discussion of the uncertainty relation in the infinite square well

QI Baoshan1, CHENG Jianjian1, CHE Junling1, Zhang Yunguang1, ZHENG Hua2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  54.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250387

Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (815KB) ( 13 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Understanding the connection between quantum mechanics and classical physics is a crucial topic in physics. Bohr's hydrogen atom theory, particularly his concepts of stationary state quantization and the correspondence principle, provides a foundation for studying this connection. This paper applies Bohr's ideas to the onedimensional infinite square well model. By comparing the descriptions of the statistical distributions and uncertainties of particle position and momentum within the well given by classical statistical physics and quantum theory, we specifically examine a semiclassical approach. This approach derives the uncertainty relation using the quantized standing wave condition and classical statistical distribution, without solving the Schrdinger equation. Through a comparative analysis of the results derived from this method and the exact quantum mechanical solutions in the limit of large quantum numbers, we verify the validity of Bohr's correspondence principle within this model. Consequently, this work deepens our understanding of the transition mechanism by which quantum statistical behavior evolves into classical behavior．



Three kinetic energy theorems about particle systems and two applications

SHAO Yun

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  57.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250365

Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (534KB) ( 62 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The article retrospectively proves three kinetic energy theorems about particle systems, namely the kinetic energy theorem about particle systems in inertial (or ground) reference frames, the kinetic energy theorem about the center of mass, and the kinetic energy theorem about particle systems in the center of mass reference frame. It points out their interrelationships and applies them to two examples, and reveals some special mechanisms by which sliding friction force do negative work on a rolling and sliding small ball. In the article, some other well-known relational expressions are incidentally proved as well. The content of the article has certain reference and utilization value for basic physics teaching, research, and examinations.



Exploration of integrating scientific research feedback and curriculum#br# ideology and politics into the teaching of optical communication#br# courses for emerging engineering education#br#

LIU Qifa1, SUN Kexue2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  61.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250442

Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (669KB) ( 32 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

In order to cultivate highquality composite emerging engineers who are both red and expert and in line with the development of the times, this paper integrates the research content that is highly relevant to the course into the classroom teaching of optical communication courses, in order to improve the quality and effectiveness of teaching. At the same time, introducing ideological and political content into the curriculum enables students to shape correct worldviews, outlooks on life, and values. This design innovatively integrates course content, ideological and political elements, and scientific research content in an organic and interdependent manner. The introduction of specific research achievements and specific teaching courses are put forward, and there is a close theoretical relationship between them, which provides specific and physical content for the course and forms a new interest incentive point. The integration of theory and experiment and overallimproving method are carried out, based on which, the innovative classroom is put forward. Concrete ideological and political goals and elements which closely linked to the curriculum and research content have been proposed. The strategy of vertical and horizontal evaluation are employed at the same time, can reflect the teaching results more accurately. The overall evaluation results in the past three years show that the project has achieved effective improvement in teaching effectiveness.



The educational reform practice of “Advanced Semiconductor Device Physics”#br# based on the Axis-Flip concept#br#

ZHANG Panpan, HE Yu

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  67.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250275

Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (695KB) ( 33 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

To strengthen the cultivation of graduate students in the field of integrated circuits and address the deep theoretical demands of device physics for advanced process nodes, this paper focuses on resolving the current issues in the “Advanced Semiconductor Device Physics” course, such as “dispersed content lacking logical structure, teaching materials failing to touch on industrial frontiers, traditional teaching modes lacking practical orientation, and evaluation systems struggling to assess implementation effectiveness.”  It explores teaching reform practices based on the AF (Advanced Frontiers) concept, summarizing practical cases in reconstructing the syllabus, deepening curriculum ideology, building knowledge graphs, introducing cutting-edge technologies, and recursively refining teaching modalities. These efforts have effectively enhanced teaching outcomes, providing a new reference paradigm for the cultivation of graduate students specializing in semiconductor device physics in integrated circuits under the new circumstances.



Research on the teaching innovation of “light-innovation integration”#br# based on optoelectronic coursestaking “physical optics” #br# as the core demonstration#br#

CHEN Wenhao

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  74.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250313

Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (523KB) ( 29 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This study explores the application of the “Light-Innovation Fusion” teaching model in the course of Physical Optics. By incorporating a “problem-driven” teaching approach, it combines theoretical instruction with innovative experiments to enhance studentsself-learning and practical skills. The model consists of four main components: first, basic knowledge is conveyed through theoretical lectures; second, problem-driven activities spark students interest in and exploration of real-world problems; third, innovative experiments are integrated to strengthen students practical skills; fourth, project-based learning enhances teamwork and engineering practice abilities. The results of the study indicate that this model effectively stimulates students learning interests, improves their comprehensive abilities, and facilitates the integration of academic research with practical innovation.






Teaching design for integrating physics courses with neural networks

SUN Linfeng, LI Jungang

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  79.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250368

Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (533KB) ( 37 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has developed rapidly. The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists for their groundbreaking contributions in the fields of artificial neural networks and machine learning, further underscoring the deep connection between physics and cutting-edge technologies. This paper explores a teaching design that integrates neural network technology into physics courses, aiming to enrich course content, enhance the cutting-edge nature and technological relevance of the course, stimulate student interest, and ultimately improve the quality and effectiveness of physics courses. This study emphasizes the integration potential of neural networks with the physics knowledge system, providing a reference for the innovation and expansion of physics course content.






AIenhanced curriculum knowledge graph for personalized blended teaching

HUANG Houwei1, 2, QIU Xiaoyan1

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  84.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250407

Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (5460KB) ( 46 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper exhibits personalized blended teaching on General Physics: Mechanics through curriculum knowledge graphs and artificial intelligence (AI) workbenches. Author systematically organize hierarchical relationships of knowledge points, then use visualization tools to generate curriculum knowledge graphs integrated with pedagogical resources. According to AIgenerated preclass and inclass quizzes for key knowledge points, the teacher can monitor student learning progress in realtime. After tracking and analyzing students online learning data, the workbench generates personalized study reports using AI. Based on students' individual proficiency levels, personalized afterschool learning plans are developed. Highachieving students are offered enrichment programs, while those with lower learning attainment receive customized exercises to strengthen their understanding of weak knowledge areas. The “AIenhanced curriculum knowledge graph” onlineoffline blended teaching model provides a replicable reference case for personalized blended teaching in higher education. 






Relationship between the evolution of physics textbooks and the frontiers of science#br#

CHANG Jiayi1 , CAO Qinghong1, LIU Jia1 , LIU Yandong2, WANG Xiaoping3

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  90.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250521

Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (611KB) ( 51 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This article explores the intrinsic connection between the evolution of physics textbooks and the frontiers of science, with a focus on analyzing the characteristics of the 19th and 20th centuries and their role in driving the evolution of textbooks. In the 19th century, physics textbooks were in their early stages, primarily focusing on basic theories, with content being relatively concise and not fully addressing cuttingedge research. In the 20th century, the rapid development of physics, including breakthroughs in quantum mechanics, relativity, and other frontiers of physics, led to the swift updating of textbook content. New research findings from emerging fields were gradually incorporated, and with changing educational goals, there was a growing emphasis on interdisciplinary integration and the cultivation of innovative talent. At the same time, innovations in mathematics and information technology in education provided new impetus for the updating of textbook content and format. This article discusses in detail how the frontiers of science drive the updating and structural adjustment of textbooks, and looks ahead to the potential of artificial intelligence in the intelligent and personalized development of textbooks in the future. 






Research on the acceleration of vertical launch of aquarius rocket

WANG Chenhui, LI Xianrong, LI Gangtao, YAN Cuiqiong, CHEN Lijuan, WANG Yueming

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  104.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250434

Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (607KB) ( 55 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This study focuses on the vertical launch of a water bottle rocket and explores the law of acceleration change during its vertical launch through a combination of theoretical modeling and experimental measurement. Based on variablemass motion, a dynamic model considering factors such as water jet recoil, air resistance, and gravity is established, and the theoretical calculation formula for the vertical launch acceleration of the water bottle rocket is derived. Meanwhile, an acceleration sensor is used to measure relevant data during the launch process. By comparing theoretical and experimental results, the main factors affecting the vertical launch acceleration of the water bottle rocket are analyzed, including initial water filling volume, initial air pressure inside the bottle, bottle volume, and nozzle crosssectional area. The research results show that the theory is highly consistent with the experiment under different pressures. The achievements of this study provide a theoretical and experimental basis for optimizing the launch performance of water bottle rockets.






From tacit to explicit: a study on the teaching transition in mechanics #br# based on Hestenes modeling theory#br#

LI Lin1, HU Haiyun2, FENG Wanxiang2

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  114.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250484

Abstract ( 49 )   PDF (645KB) ( 31 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

A significant gap exists in the transition from high school to university physics teaching, the essence of which is a “cognitive advancement” challenge for students as their modeling thinking shifts from tacit and guided to explicit and autonomous. Framed by Hestenes Modeling Theory, this study analyzes the higher demands of university physics on cognitive abilities, particularly concerning mathematical tools, model construction, and deductive validation. By introducing cutting-edge physics examples such as the “electromagnetic sled,” the paper demonstrates how to guide students in recognizing the necessity of advanced tools like calculus. It aims to provide substantive strategies for the teaching transition, facilitating a smooth transition in students scientific thinking and enhancing their modeling abilities.



Investigation on the impact of different salt concentration in salt water on thermal conductivity through steadystate flat plate method#br#

HUANG Yuran

College Physics. 2026, 45(6):  118.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250234

Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (479KB) ( 31 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The objective of this study is to observe the value and rate of change of temperature when heat conduction and heat dissipation are in equilibrium. To this end, a test setup for heat conduction in liquids is constructed by varying the concentration ratios of water and sodium chloride salt using the steadystate flat plate method. The experiments are conducted using aqueous sodium chloride saline solutions with mass concentrations of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% to measure the thermal conductivity of the saline solutions with different concentrations. The experimental results show that as the saltwater concentration increases, the thermal conductivity of the solution first increases and then tends to stabilize.