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    20 May 2021 Volume 40 Issue 5
      
    Analysis of multi-photon interference using by the Feynman’s path integral theory
    WANG Rui-min, LIU Dan-dong, XU Zhong-feng
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  1.  doi:10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.200515
    Abstract ( 969 )   PDF (341KB) ( 547 )  
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    The Feynman’s path integral theory is introduced into quantum mechanics

    teaching,and used to analyze photon interference. The correlation functions of nondegenerate

    two - photon and three-photon interference are derived. The results of interference are

    simulated. The simulate results show that multi-photon interference of nondegenerate

      photons results from the superposition of multi-photon bunching and quantum beating effect.

    Finding the DC resistance of special capacitors with resistance definition
    HUANG Shao-shu¹, ², FENG Jun-jie¹
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  5.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200429
    Abstract ( 947 )   PDF (576KB) ( 279 )  
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    In the electronic circuit engineering and teaching process,it is necessary to calculate

    the DC resist- ance of the capacitor. However,for calculating the DC resistance of some

    special-shaped capacitors,the current density method generally used is more troublesome. In this

    paper,according to the definition of resistance,combi- ning with the concise relationship between

    the series and parallel resistance,the DC resistances of spherical crown capacitor,cylindrical

    crown capacitor and positive polygonal capacitor and so on are calculated clearly and the cor-

    responding quantitative expression is given.

    The four quantum numbers of electrons in an atom
    HUANG Yong-yi
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  8.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200272
    Abstract ( 1939 )   PDF (397KB) ( 445 )  
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    The paper expounds the origins of the four quantum numbers of electrons in an

    atom and briefly presents the applications of the four quantum numbers: the electron shells of

    an atom and the Pauli exclusion prin- ciple.

    Gaussian and Gaussian-like integrals in physics
    WANG Meng, TAO Jun-qi, CHENG Jian-jian, ZHENG Hua
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  13.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200268
    Abstract ( 2344 )   PDF (317KB) ( 859 )  
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    In this paper,we show how to calculate the different type Gaussian and Gaussian-like

    integrals with college-level mathematics. We also discuss the applications of the Gaussian and

    Gaussian-like integrals in Thermo- dynamics and Statistical Physics,Quantum Mechanics,Optics and

    Quantum Optics.

    Experimental design of measuring Young’s modulus using foil strain gauges
    ZHENG Xue-li¹, QIU Li¹, WANG Tao¹, SHEN Jing-hao², LEI Di², LI Qiao-mei¹, YANG Jun-jun¹
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  20.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200334
    Abstract ( 1251 )   PDF (737KB) ( 502 )  
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    The measurement of Young’s elastic modulus is one of the classic physics

    experiments required in universities. At present,the method using mirror ruler group to measure

    the Young’s modulus was adopted in most colleges and universities. Based on this,it is proposed

    to measure Young’s modulus with foil strain gauge in this paper. This method combining

    with the electrical and mechanical knowledge so as to enhance students’comprehen- sive experimental

    abilities and increase their awareness of innovation. During the measurement,a micrometer

    with higher accuracy is used first to calibrate,and then the output voltage value of the

    Wheatstone bridge is measured af- ter forcing. From the measured data and data processing

    results,the method shows a good stability and high accura- cy,and was suitable for practical

    teaching.

    Measurement of metal linear expansion coefficient by micro-displacement with double   differential Hall method
    ZHANG Wen-zhao, TANG Xin-ling, LIU Zhi-zhuang, WANG Fei, ZHOU Wang, LI Xiang-min
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  24.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.190540
    Abstract ( 875 )   PDF (457KB) ( 366 )  
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    The linear expansion coefficient is an important property of metal.Precise measurement of

    this coeffi- cient is of great significance in mechanical manufacturing.In this paper,four linear

    Hall elements and three instru- mentation amplifiers are used to form a double differential

    micro-displacement sensor,which is used to measure the linear expansion coefficient of metal.The

    experimental results show that the sensor has high sensitivity,good linearity and a measurement

    error of 0.4%.

    A detection of interference fringes based on Robot Vision
    WANG Ye¹, XIE Lei²
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  28.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200332
    Abstract ( 1305 )   PDF (800KB) ( 637 )  
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    Based on OpenMV,the system of Robot Vision,taking the interference fringes of Michelson

    interfer- ometer as the object of recognition and study,according to the coherence of light source

    and the dynamic characteris- tics of interference fringes,the identification and detection

    algorithm of interference fringes based on gray sampling statistics is established( CSSA-IF:

    Concentric shape searching algorithm for interference fringes) ,the real-time de- tection

    program with MicroPython or Python language is written. Its implementation shows that the reliable

    detection to the simulation or real interference fringes with the accuracy of 0.5,and the

    uncertainty is mainly produced from this accuracy that lay down by the algorithm,meanwhile,the

    availability of the methods and the techniques is proved.

    Analysis of the factors affecting the NA measurement of single-model quartz fiber
    LIAO Hong-bo, LI Duo
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  33.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200395
    Abstract ( 1067 )   PDF (899KB) ( 277 )  
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    Numerical aperture ( NA) of single-model quartz fiber is measured by the method of

    far-field spot and light intensity. The experimental results reveal that the influence of the shape

    of light spot changed with the op- tical coupling condition on the value of NA is not distinct

    a lot. The strong diffraction due to the very small fiber core can affect the

    measurement of NA remarkably. The first sub-maximum of the diffraction peak needs to be con-

    sidered in the calculation in both methods. NA is measured when the center diffraction spot is

    bright. The distance between the fiber and the observation plane is suitable in order to

    decrease the experiment errors. Too long or too short distance can make the error increase

    when using the far-field spot method.

    The measurement of metal corrosion rate based on fiber MZ interferometer
    LIU Xiao-qi¹, GAO Yi¹, LIU Hai-feng¹, ZHANG Bo², LIU Bo¹
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  37.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200211
    Abstract ( 965 )   PDF (1028KB) ( 224 )  
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    In order to measure the corrosion rate of metal bars precisely and quickly,a

    MZ interferometer is used to monitor the processing of the dynamic corrosion process. The

    corrosion rate of metal bars can be evaluated with ultra-sensitivity even when the

    concentration of NaCl solution is only 0.05 wt%. It is found that the sensitivity response is a

    function of the effective refractive index ( RI) . The experimental results reveal that the

    speeds of the wavelength shift is up to -9.32×10-² nm / s,and the increase of the peak intensity

    is about -3.93×10-² dB / s. Mo- reover,the electrochemical technology is used to accelerate the

    corrosion process. And the whole process could be monitored within 1 min. This experiment can

    be used as the extension experiment or innovative experiment of the

    metal linear expansion coefficient experiment.

    Progress of whispering gallery mode resonator
    YANG Liu, ZHAUNG Yong-yong, LIU Yang, HU Qing-yuan, XU Zhuo, WEI Xiao-yong
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  41.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200209
    Abstract ( 1375 )   PDF (2486KB) ( 987 )  
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    In recent years,the Whispering Gallery Mode ( WGM) optical resonators have attracted

    wide atten- tion from scholars all over the world due to their super high quality factor ( Q

    value) and small model volume. They play an important role in both civil and military devices. At

    present,the research of whispering gallery mode optical resonator mainly includes microwave

    photonics,nonlinear optics and inertial navigation devices. In this paper,the research status of

    whispering gallery mode resonators in various countries is summarized and summarized. It will be

    discussed from six aspects: characteristic parameters,material selection,optical

    coupling,shape,application and prospect. The aim is to present the achievements,challenges and

    future development direction of echo wall mode optical resonator.

    A practical method to evaluate the teaching effect of college physics
    ZHANG Feng-qiang, GAO Xiang, ZHANG Hong-yang, LI Gui-an
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  55.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200256
    Abstract ( 922 )   PDF (166KB) ( 614 )  
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    It is a serious problem in online classes that current formative evaluation of online

    teaching is defi- cient. For instance,the situation of students’pre-class preparation and

    in-class learning cannot be reflected im- mediately. This has hindered teachers from

    targeted teaching and students from autonomous learning. A practical method of teaching

    evaluation is proposed in this paper. By designing objective and scientific pre-class and

    post- class tests and using the " Rain Classroom" online platform to perform these tests

    conveniently,teachers can effi- ciently measure the pre-class and in-class study performance of

    any individual student. Thereby,it helps teachers carry out the targeted teaching before,in and

    after class. It also helps students find their misunderstanding in their preparation and class

    learning,improves their targeted learning and revision,and even stimulate their motivation of

    autonomous learning.

    Suspending class without stopping learning and making every class well
    CHEN Wei-li, MU Li-juan, NIU Jin-yan, LIU Jia, WU Xiao-xia
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  60.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200250
    Abstract ( 633 )   PDF (1333KB) ( 132 )  
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    During the prevention and controlling of the epidemic period,with the goal of

    suspension of class without stopping learning and no semester extension,a teaching plan

    with students as the main body and the net- work platform as the carrier was researched and

    formulated in this paper in order to make every class well and to achieve the goals of

    promotion,supervision and learning.

    Description of the rigid bodies’general motion
    SHAO Han-yong
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  62.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200405
    Abstract ( 1233 )   PDF (543KB) ( 476 )  
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    The general motion of a rigid body is the most complicated type of motion in rigid body

    kinematics, and its solution usually requires the aid of Euler's theorem or Chasles’theorem.

    Through these two theorems,we can decompose the general motion of a rigid body into simpler

    fixed-axis rotation and translation. This paper mainly uses the orthogonal matrix in the algebra

    theory to describe the motion of a rigid body,and analyzes the eigenprob- lems of fixed-point

    rotation,and proves Euler’s theorem. Then it decomposes the fixed-point rotation of a

    rigid body. Physical images and derivation conclusions are given,and a simple description of the

    complex general motion of rigid bodies is completed.

    Determination of relative abundances of ⁴⁰ K,238 U and ²³² Th in the soil at Beihang Shahe campus
    SI Da-wei, SUN Bao-hua
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  67.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200325
    Abstract ( 1050 )   PDF (607KB) ( 177 )  
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    The natural gamma rays in environment mainly come from ⁴⁰K and the thorium

    series,uranium series and actinium series. It is an important method to identify the relevant

    radioactive nuclides and determine the relative abundances in nuclear science and

    technology. At Beihang and some domestic universities, a lab experiment is developed

    to identify the radioactive nuclides in environment via characteristic gamma rays by

    using the high-resolution high-purity germanium detectors. In this paper,a new lab

    experiment to deduce the relative abundances of ⁴⁰K,238 U,and ²³²Th in the soil at Beihang

    Shahe Campus is reported,which is done by using their characteristic gamma rays and successive

    decays. The results are consistent with the previous data measured

    in 1985.

    A simpler explanation of Thomas precession
    YANG Yi, LI Xiu-ling, LUO Cheng-lin
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  71.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200466
    Abstract ( 2331 )   PDF (372KB) ( 539 )  
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    The discovery of Thomas precession is of great significance to the establishment of the

    concept of e- lectron spin. However,its physical images and conclusions are usually derived from

    the differential process of con- tinuous Lorentz transformation. The method is complicated and

    difficult to understand. In this article,based on the concept of shortening the length in the

    direction of motion in the special theory of relativity,it is surprising to find that Thomas

    precession angular velocity can be easily calculated by the integral effect of the

    angle difference be- tween the nuclear reference system and the electron reference system

    when the electron moves around the nuclear for a full circle.

    Once more about“The properties of energy spectrum in a non-Hermitian system with PT-symmetry”
    YAN Mao-yu, CHEN Bing
    College Physics. 2021, 40(5):  75.  doi:10.16854 / j.cnki.1000-0712.200360
    Abstract ( 1229 )   PDF (662KB) ( 380 )  
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    The effect of imaginary potentials on energy spectrum of PT symmetry system is studied.

    The conclu- sion of this paper can gives a supplement to the paper named “The properties of energy

    spectrum in a non-Hermi- tian system with PT-symmetry”.