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Table of Content
25 June 2025 Volume 44 Issue 4
Lighting up the Future of Artificial Intelligence with Physics Thinking — Deciphering the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics
WUDi1, MAYan-qing2
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 1. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250073
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The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to physicist and biologist John J. Hopfield and computer scientist Geoffrey E. Hinton in recognition of their fundamental discoveries and inventions in the field of artificial neural networks. Many were surprised by this decision, questioning why the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for advancements in artificial intelligence, with some even pondering whether “physics has ceased to exist.” This article will delve into the intricate connections between physics and artificial intelligence, interpret the rationale behind this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics, and explore its profound impact on the future.
A digitaltwin system for chaotic torsion pendulum based on reservoir computing
YAN Zixiang, WU Yue, XIE Guijin, GAO Jian, YANG Hujiang, XIAO Jinghua
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 6. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240250
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In this paper, a digital twin (DT) system of the chaotic torsion pendulum based on reservoir computing (RC) is developed.By calculating the reconstruction similarity of phase portrait δR and the prediction length of trajectory LP, the capability of the digital copy of this DT system to accurately capture and generate the current and future dynamic states of the experimental device is verified. The DT system developed in this work provides students with an effective auxiliary tool for the chaotic pendulum experiment in collegelevel physics.
Design ofexperimental analysis of beat phenomena using two weakly coupled pendulums
PANG Wei1, LI Chenshuo2, LANG Songfeng2, LIU Yan2, LONG Jichao3, XU Jiahao4, WU Fugen5
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 13. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240287
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A system with multiple freedom of movement exhibits different modes in which each part of the system will move in the same frequency. By proper choosing the initial condition, these different modes can add up into a superposition state and make the movement of the system show phenomenon of beat. Both of modes and beat phenomena are crucial to the understanding of oscillating and periodical properties of the system. This design of experiment clearly demonstrates these phenomena by using two pendulums coupled through an elastic band. With digital sensors and data collectors, the detail movement of the system are recorded by computer software which is available for further analysis by students. The coupling strength can be easily adjusted to show the dependence of beat on it.
Study on the depletion region width of GaN PN junction
SUN Chenyang, YANG Peilong, LIU Bo, WANG Lai
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 21. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240372
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The width of the depletion region is a fundamental parameter of PN junctions. In solid state physics textbooks, the calculation of depletion widths is usually limited to materials such as Si and Ge, and there is a lack of analysis of the PN junction of the wide bandgap semiconductor material likeGaN. The width of the depletion region is closely related to the charge density of the depletion region. The ionization energies of donors and acceptors in Si and Ge materials are relatively low, allowing for complete ionization at room temperature. Thus, the charge density in the depletion region is obviously equal to the impurity concentration. In contrast, the ionization energy of the acceptor dopant Mg in pGaN is approximately 220 to 270 meV, resulting in only part of Mg impurities undergoing ionization at room temperature. Therefore, the width of the GaN PN junction depletion region will be determined by both the impurity concentration and the degree of ionization. In this paper, the degree of ionization of different impurities in GaN material under different concentrations is calculated. The results show that the degree of Mg ionization is indeed very low when pGaN is heavily doped to 1019 cm-3in order to obtain sufficient hole concentration.Subsequently, using an opensource solver based on the ScharfetterGummel method to solve the driftdiffusion equations, we simulate the GaN PN junction and calculate important parameters such as depletion region width and impurity ionization levels. According to the simulation results, the impurity ionization level in the GaN PN junctions depletion region is significantly enhanced. Therefore, the width of the depletion region of the GaN PN junction can be appropriately calculated with the doping concentration. The research in this paper supplements the content of GaN PN junction in the textbook of solidstate physics, which is helpful for the study of subsequent courses.
Discussion of the Otto cycle process using Van der Waals gas as a working medium
HAN Qicheng, LU Jianlong
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 27. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240267
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This article discusses the Otto cycle using Van der Waals gas as a working medium and replacing the adiabatic process with the polytropic process. It presents the output work and efficiency of this cycle, and analyzes the effects of the polytropic exponent n and compression ratio r on the cycle parameters. Through numerical calculations, it is concluded that both the polytropic exponent and compression ratio have impacts on the cycle parameters, and when the numerical value of the polytropic exponent is equal to the adiabatic exponent, the cycle’s output work and efficiency are maximized.
Analysis of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian based on Hermitian theory
ZHANG Lian-lian1, FAN Lu-ning1, JIANG Cui2, LI Jia-rui1
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 39. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240392
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This paper incorporates the discussion of nonHermitian quantum systems into the exploration and practice of quantum mechanics teaching reform. It decomposes the matrix of nonreciprocal Hamiltonian into Hermitian Hamiltonian and nonreciprocal perturbation, and uses nondegenerate perturbation method to solve the energy eigenvalues and eigenstates. It is found that the obtained results are completely consistent with the results obtained by directly diagonalizing the nonreciprocal Hamiltonian and expanding it to secondorder approximation. This indicates that there is a certain connection between non reciprocal Hamiltonian and Hermitian quantum theory. We believe that the results of this work will help further understand the physical properties of nonreciprocal Hamiltonian.
Anti-coincidence measurement based on Pixie-Net digitizer
WAN Wen-Wu, XU Jin-Yan, LOU Jian-ling
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 44. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240327
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High integration, simple followup operations, and flexible data processing are the main advantages of digital systems in comparison to traditional analog electronics modules. In this experiment, we try to use the PixieNet digital instrument in the anticoincidence measurement to replace complex traditional electronic acquisition systems and to simplify experimental setups and procedures. The experimental results demonstrate that using the PixieNet digital instrument yields superior anticoincidence effects compared to that using traditional electronic devices, which can be replaced by PixieNet digitizer.
Preliminaryexploration of teaching reform of computational physics courses based on the perspective of four orientations
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 51. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240299
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306
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Computational physics is an undergraduate course in physics that teaches the use of numerical methods to solve typical physical problems. This course is characterized by its interdisciplinary nature, integration of theory and practice, and focus on programming, etc. In the context of implementing the new educational philosophy of "virtue and talent cultivation" and the rapid development of technologies represented by quantum science and artificial intelligence, the limitations of traditional computational physics courses are becoming increasingly apparent. This paper reexamines the teaching reform ideas of computational physics course from the multifaceted perspectives of thinking orientation, frontier orientation, research orientation, and talent orientation. Current course evaluations indicate that the teaching reform model based on the four orientations is conducive to cultivating students transcendent thinking and firstprinciple thinking, innovative awareness, research capabilities, providing a new teaching reform approach and valuable teaching reference for Computational Physics course.
Applicationsof visualization in physics teaching by Julia language
WANG Wei
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 57.
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Based on the Makie.jl and DifferentialEquations.jl libraries in the Julia language, we present a comprehensive interactive visualization of harmonic oscillation synthesis, forced vibration, and Fraunhofer diffraction from gratings, regular polygonal apertures, and circular apertures. The application of Julia language offers a novel tool for teaching and research, benefiting both instructors and students by enhancing educational outcomes and fostering student enthusiasm for learning.
Study on the analogy between electromagnetic wave and shallowwater wave propagation based on dispersion relations
SUN Chuhao, YU Cong
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 67. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240309
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258
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The propagation of waves is a classic problem in the study of physics.The propagation of water waves has significant implications for dam construction and harnessing wave energy.This paper draws an analogy with the electromagnetic field equations.Combining physical principles,we deduce the shallow water equations.By applying the perturbation method,the shallow water equations are linearized,resulting in the dispersionrelation,which is experimentally validated.Subsequently,analogous to the derivation of electromagnetic wave propagation laws,the propagation laws of shallow water waves are obtained.Using the LaxWendroff scheme,the propagation of shallow water waves in water of varying depths is numerically simulated.The conclusion is that the propagation of shallow water waves ultimately follows lines perpendicular to lines of equal water depth.
Study on the dynamics of magnetic-mechanical oscillator
RUAN Zheting, SHEN Yibo, YANG Zhihua, ZHU Yuhong, SHEN Jiawei
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 74. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240345
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328
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A magneticmechanical oscillation device is constructed and its relevant physical parameters affecting the vibration of the spring plate and the dynamic process of vibration are systematically studied. The experiments find that the stiffness coefficient, natural frequency, magnetic force, and magnet mass are the key factors affecting the vibration. The existing simple harmonic vibration equation is revised by incorporating resistance, magnetic force, and other interaction forces, transforming it into the combined vibration equation for the spring plate. Numerical solutions are performed on the combined vibration equation and the results are consistent with the experimental results.
Design and manufacture of device for measuring the concentration of transparent liquid based on total reflection method
WANG Xinjie, ZHENG Xin, NI Jia, ZHOU Chao, TANG Mingjun
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 79. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240259
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268
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This article introduces an experimental device for measuring the concentration of transparent liquid by laser. The device accurately measures the angle of rotation by rotating the ring resistor, accurately judges the critical angle of incident when the laser passes through the triprism and the total reflection occurs by the change of the resistance value of the photoresistor, and obtains the refractive index of the liquid. Then the concentration of liquid is measured by the linear relationship between refractive index and concentration. The device can measure the concentration of organic and inorganic solutions such as transparent glucose, sodium chloride, sucrose and glycerol, and has universal applicability. At the same time, it can also be used in middle school, university science demonstration or classroom teaching to enhance students’ understanding and mastery of total reflection knowledge.
The tight-binding approximation calculation of the s-band in hcp lattice
JIANG Haolin1, YUAN Zhe2
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 86. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240360
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284
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The tightbinding approximation is an important method for calculating electron energy bands in solids. Recently, an article incorrectly applied the tightbinding approximation to calculate the energy bands of hexagonal closepacked (hcp) lattice, resulting in complex energy eigenvalues. This paper identifies the doctrinal errors in their calculations, presents the correct calculation methods and results, and provides a detailed discussion on the symmetry of the energy bands, the extremal points, the characteristics of Bloch functions along highsymmetry paths, and the effects of nextnearest neighbor overlap integrals.
Application of Monte Carlo method to the teaching of charge distribution at electrostatic equilibrium
LI Yunze1, YU Weichao2
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 96. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240358
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406
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The uniqueness of the charge distribution of a conductor is one of the most essential properties in electrostatic fields and is challenging part for the teaching of electromagnetics course, which states that an isolated conductor has a uniquely determined distribution of charges on its surface in the state of electrostatic equilibrium. Many researchers have obtained different distributions of surface charges on conductors, but these analytical results are only valid for systems with high symmetry and only apply to cases where the charge distribution is continuous. In this study, we innovatively use the Monte Carlo annealing algorithm to build a computer model to try to verify the distribution of surface density of discrete charges on the surface of an ellipsoidal conductor after reaching electrostatic equilibrium, which is consistent with existing theoretical results. This method can be extended to the electrostatic equilibrium distribution of discrete charges in conductors of arbitrary shape, providing a new algorithm for numerical simulation of electrostatic problems and enriching toolbox for the teaching of electromagnetics.
Investigation on grating structure and storage capacity of optical disc based on grating diffraction
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 103. doi:
10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240192
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278
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In this paper, grating diffraction is employed to investigate the equivalent grating structure of optical discs. By contrasting the measurement outcomes of reflection diffraction and transmission diffraction, a comprehensive analysis of the measurement errors using lasers of different wavelengths is conducted. This enables the identification of the optical discs microstructure and the rationale behind the absence of tangential spots. Building on these findings, the storage capacity of CDs and DVDs is accurately determined via transmission diffraction experiments and polar coordinate algorithms. The minimum errors in the storage capacity of CDs and DVDs are 0.0014% and 0.38%, respectively.
Relationship between anharmonic oscillator and infinite square well
LIU Ziyu, TAN Junhao, HUANG Yahao, Yusupujiang Salamu
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 108. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240302
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272
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The onedimensional infinite square well is an important model in quantum mechanics. However, its potential jumps at the boundaries, which leads to undefined derivatives of both the potential and the wave function at these points. In this paper, we start with the anharmonic oscillator model, use the finite difference method to calculate theeigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the onedimensional anharmonic oscillator, and then compare the results with the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the onedimensional infinite square well. We prove that the onedimensional infinite square well is the asymptotic limit of the higherorder anharmonic oscillator.
Experimental test of rainbow perspective theory
WANG Yixiang
College Physics. 2025, 44(4): 112. doi:
10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712. 240173
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271
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Based on geometric optics and Cauchy dispersion formula, this paper completely explores the reasons for the formation of the atmospheric optical phenomenon of rainbow neon, and explains the maximum viewing angle of rainbow and the minimum viewing angle of neon. At the same time, a device that can reproduce the rainbowni phenomenon is designed, and a scheme for indirectly measuring the light viewing angle of each color of the rainbowneon based on the parallel principle is given. In the experiment, the red light viewing angle of rainbow and neon is measured by changing the concentration of NaCl solution, and compared it with the theoretical value on the image, and found that the two were in good agreement, indicating that the intensity of the emitting light of the rainbow neon phenomenon is indeed concentrated at the maximum viewing angle. At the same time, it also shows that the Cauchy dispersion formula is suitable for calculating the refractive index of NaCl solution.
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