College Physics

The footsteps of a physics pioneers : Translation of a classic work by Dr. ShouChin Wang

Wu, Congjun

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 1. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250548

Abstract ( 171 )

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In 1927, Dr. Shou-Chin Wang published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift, where he, for the first time, used quantum mechanical methods to derive the long-range attractive potential proportional to -1/R6 between two distant atoms. This work reveals the mechanism of van der Waals interaction arising from the instantaneous electric dipole moment fluctuations. A subsequent systematic study was completed by F. London three years later, who also cited Wang′s work. This research represents a significant early application of quantum mechanics. However, it has long been overlooked in literature, primarily due to the difficulty in accessing the original German text and the lack of an English translation. This article presents a Chinese translation based on a recent English version of the work. On the occasion of the centenary of the establishment of quantum mechanics, we re-examine this underestimated contribution and pay tribute to pioneering Chinese physicists like Dr. Shou-Chin Wang.

Design of an experimental scheme for measuring the linear thermal expansion coefficient of metals via single-slit diffraction using Phyphox

Kexin LI, Zhenghan JIAO, Shiqi DAN, Honglin ZHANG, Pingchuan XU, Zhijiao ZHANG, Yongqiang LI

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 6. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240577

Abstract ( 180 )

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To optimize the measurement of metal′s linear expansion coefficient, a lever system combines Fraunhofer single-slit diffraction with thermal expansion. The small expansion is reflected in diffraction fringe changes, while Phyphox collects real-time data, enabling precise measurements. This setup improves accuracy, reduces costs, and enhances students′ innovation and practical skills.

Development of a comprehensive thermal experiment instrument based on vacuum environment

Muxiang1, LI Mansha1, TANG Jinglong1, XIA Xiangfang1, QI Feiyang2, XU Zhigang1

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 12. doi:10.1016854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250146

Abstract ( 106 )

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Traditional experimental setups used in university laboratories to measure the thermal conductivity and specific heat of materials often face issues such as errors from air convection，unstable connections with PT100 platinum resistance thermometers，and extended experimental durations. To address these limitations，a novel vacuuminsulated experimental apparatus is developed，enabling simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and specific heat under controlled conditions. By incorporating a vacuum system，the influence of air convection is effectively eliminated. Additionally，a thermocouple thermometer is employed to avoid data deviations caused by line resistance in PT100 sensors. The apparatus utilizes a constant direct current voltage for heating and cooling，allowing for direct measurement of electrical power (as represented by in Fourier s heat conduction theory). The device measured the thermal conductivity of silicone，copper，and aluminum to be approximately 0.1400，118.0，and 182.1 W/m·K，respectively，and the specific heat capacity of copper to be approximately 0.347 J/(g·℃），all within the standard values for these materials. The relative expanded uncertainties (within a 95% confidence interval) of the measurement results were assessed to be 1.3%，0.25%，0.28%，and 3.74%，respectively，indicating good stability in the measurement results obtained by this device.

Polarization modes of lattice waves in two-dimensional honeycomb lattices

PENG Shengyu, QIAN Yewu, YU Hongyi

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 20. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240615

Abstract ( 128 )

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This work analyzed polarization modes of lattice waves at various wave vectors in two-dimensional honeycomb lattices, which can provide new insights for teaching lattice vibrations in Solid State Physics. The dynamical matrix of the lattice vibration and its eigenvalue equation can be obtained through analyzing the lattice motion, from which the phonon dispersion and polarization can be solved. Symmetry analysis indicates that the vibration modes at high-symmetry wave vectors M and K have linear and circular polarizations, respectively. A perturbation theory from Quantum Mechanics can be used to solve lattice waves at wave vectors near K, which are found to exhibit elliptical polarizations.

Multiple approaches and questions for Berry phase

REN Lingqing, LIANG Zhaoxin

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 27. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250034

Abstract ( 131 )

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The Berry phase represents a geometric phase accumulated by the wave function of a quantum system following adiabatic evolution within its parameter space，showcasing extensive application potential in areas such as topological states of matter，quantum computing，and materials science. This concept encompasses complex quantum mechanical notions，including state vectors，parameter space，and adiabatic evolution. Consequently，in the instruction of quantum mechanics，comprehending these concepts and establishing their inherent connections present a significant challenge. In this paper，we employ a pedagogical approach that entails exploring multiple solutions and posing multiple questions for a single problem. Initially，under the adiabatic approximation，we derive the Berry curvature and the analytical solution for the Berry phase of a twolevel model using six distinct analytical methods. Subsequently，by obtaining the exact solution of the model，we determine the wave function at any given time，enabling us to investigate the Berry phase in nonadiabatic scenarios. We present a novel expression for the Berry phase，highlighting its intimate relationship with spin arrangement. Lastly，we conduct an indepth analysis of the Berry phase from various perspectives and compare the merits and demerits of each solution method，thereby enhancing our understanding and cognition of the Berry phase.

A complex solution to a onedimensional vibration problem

CHEN Le-le, LUO Qin

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 36. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250038

Abstract ( 165 )

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In this paper，the equations of motion of a onedimensional harmonic resonator system are fully solved using the complex number form. Based on the method of combining complex numbers with ordinary calculus，this work carries out the research on the solution methods of 1D simple harmonic oscillator models in university physics textbooks，and forms a unified solution method for the equations of motion under different damping and driving force conditions. In addition，the method of this paper is also applicable to the solution of the equations of motion of onedimensional damped oscillators under the action of nonperiodic external driving force.

The physics explanation of Zeno’s paradox

WANG HuaiYu

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 39.

Abstract ( 112 )

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本文介绍了人龟赛跑的芝诺佯谬的物理学解释.芝诺提出了一种新的时间，称为芝诺钟.芝诺时间与我们的时间之间有一个变换关系.芝诺钟上的无限长时间，只对应于我们世界的有限长时间.芝诺钟上的无限长时间之后，我们的钟上还有时间.

Discussion on the paper titled “Are the electric and magnetic fields of plane electromagnetic waves in free space always in phase?”

SONG Litao1 , HE Jie2 , WANG Jiefang1

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 44. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250167

Abstract ( 133 )

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This paper reexamines the issue discussed on the paper titled "Are the electric and magnetic fields of plane electromagnetic waves in free space always in phase?" in College Physics. The results demonstrate that the viewpoint suggesting possible phase opposition between the electric field intensity E and magnetic field intensity H in plane electromagnetic waves is unnecessary. There is no essential difference between the "synchronization" and the same phase, confirming that the traditional viewpoint presented in textbookswhich maintains that the electric and magnetic fields of plane electromagnetic waves in free space are always in phaseholds true without exception.

Physical Picture and Connotation Expansion of Frequency Pulling Effect in Lasers#br#

WANG Zhiguo, TAN Zhongqi, XIAO Guangzong, LUO Hui

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 46. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250022

Abstract ( 89 )

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Frequency pulling effect is a very important content in laser theory. In classical laser theory, it is usually derived and discussed using laser resonant condition and gain medium dispersion, which is somewhat difficult to understand. In semiclassical laser theory, an expression similar to the “center of mass equation” can be obtained by expanding the gain medium dispersion with laser frequency to the first order. Based on this expression, this paper establishes and discusses the physical picture of frequency pulling effect, and extends it to a more general “laser” theory. With two important teaching cases of ring laser gyroscope and active optical clock, we can help students understand the physical picture and capturing the physical origin of the frequency pulling effect. It has certain reference value for improving the teaching effect of frequency pulling effect.

Analysis of the context of virtual work principle in the mechanics curriculum of undergraduate

LI Yongsheng1, 2, YAN Xiaopeng1, 2, LI Zhigang1, 2, CHEN Jing3

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 50. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250064

Abstract ( 109 )

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The principle of virtual work is an important part of undergraduate mechanics curriculum. Deepening the understanding of the principle is of great significance for mastering the energy principle of solid mechanics. In this paper, the expressions of virtual work principle in different courses are summarized, and some understandings of the principle are given. The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) a qualitative description of the transition from virtual displacement principle of particle system to deformed body is given, and the relationship between virtual work of internal force and virtual strain energy is clarified; (2) The differences and correlation between the virtual work principle of rod structure and that of general elastic body are clarified, and the confusion of

the virtual work principle of rod structure in the current textbooks is analyzed; (3) From the perspective of curriculum, the virtual work principle of particle system and deformable body is summarized, and the overall context of the principle in the curriculum is given. This paper aims to clarify the relationship of virtual work principle in each course stage and clarify some related concepts, so as to help readers form a general understanding of virtual work principle and deepen their understanding for the principle.

Deep Comparison between Standing Wave Method and Phase Method in Sound Velocity Measurement Experiments

JIA Xiaowen, FAN Haiying, YIN Lin

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 56. doi:10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.240252

Abstract ( 124 )

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The principles of measuring sound velocity using standing wave method and phase difference method are presented through numerical calculation combined with traveling wave method. The differences between standing wave method and phase difference method in measuring sound velocity are compared, and the influence of air absorption coefficient, reflection coefficient, and measurement distance on the accuracy of sound velocity measurement is discussed. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that standing wave method behaves accurately at a slightly smaller distance from the sound source, while phase method behaves accurately at a slightly larger distance. Whether it is standing wave method or phase difference method, experimental measurement results always deviate positively from the true value. Overall, the accuracy of phase method is better than that of standing wave method. The sound field distribution between transducers is a mixed wave between standing wave and traveling wave. When the reflection coefficient is larger, the standing wave effect is obvious. When the absorption coefficient is large, the traveling wave effect is obvious. When the measurement distance is small, the standing wave effect is obvious and when measuring distance is larger, the traveling wave effect is significant

COMSOL simulation of radiated electromagnetic field generated by uniformly moving charged particles

HUANG Zhong, CHEN Qing

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 61. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250126

Abstract ( 144 )

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Cherenkov radiation and SmithPurcell radiation refer to the phenomenon of uniformly moving charged particles radiating electromagnetic fields outward, which commonly used in the design and fabrication of efficient and controllable terahertz light sources．Due to the limitations of complex theoretical deduction and experimental exploration, students find it difficult to form clear physical images in classroom learning. This article uses COMSOL software to study the above two phenomena and quantitatively provides the influence of charged particle velocity on the power, direction, and frequency of the radiated electromagnetic field. The simulation results are consistent with theoretical expectations. In addition, this article also presents a simple method for continuously tuning the radiation power and frequency of SmithPurcell radiation in the power range of 060 W and the frequency range of 1.21.8 THz, and gives the explanation of its physical mechanism. This work will help students form physical images of electromagnetic radiation from charged particles, and can also serve as a supplement to quantitative experimental design in related physics teaching.

Refractive index measurement based on Youngs fringes comparison

DOU Lingyu1, ZHANG Yuhang2, REN Liqing2, LI Hongguo3, SONG Xinbing1

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 67. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240557

Abstract ( 144 )

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Interference phenomena are the cornerstone of establishing the wave nature of light and have significant applications in metrology and spectroscopy. The double-slit interference phenomenon, as an important part of wave optics, has been widely discussed in various fields. In this paper, we will theoretically analyze the double-slit interference phenomenon using the principle of wave superposition and scalar diffraction theory, separately. The analysis shows that the product of the refractive index of the medium and the width of the interference fringes remains unchanged when other variables are unchanged. It is verified by the double-slit interference experiments in both air and water. By comparing the experimental results, the refractive index can be measured, and the measurement results are highly robust to variables such as the angle of the slits.

Cultivating Talents at the Intersection of Medicine and Physics Based on the Background of Physics Nobel Prizes

DONG Shilian1, NING Zhiyun2, QIN Heyang2, MA Liang2

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 72. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240580

Abstract ( 108 )

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Against the backdrop of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, which is a typical physicscomputer science crossover, takes the surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy technique involved in university physics experiments as an entry point, and guides undergraduate medical students to compare the differences in serum SERS spectra between the healthy control group and the hepatocellular carcinoma group by means of physical spectroscopy and to trace back the vibrational bonds, so as to explore the differences in serum levels of The differences in serum levels of AFP and CA199 were explored between the two groups. Further investigation of this ‘medicinephysicscomputing’ crossdisciplinary case on the training of crossdisciplinary physics talents is very useful for broadening the reform ideas of innovative crossdisciplinary physics talents training mode.

“Enhancing interest, integrating ideological and political education, and enriching resources” reform and practice of college physics teaching

ZHU Baohua, ZHENG Yuanlei

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 77. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.240474

Abstract ( 163 )

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In response to numerous issues arising in the teaching of college physics, a teaching reform plan of “enhancing interest, integrating ideological and political education, and increasing resources” has been proposed. During the teaching process, the studentcentered, practiceoriented, and cooperative and interactive teaching philosophies are adhered to. By utilizing blended onlineoffline teaching, the classroom’s attractiveness and students’ learning interest and initiative are enhanced by incorporating uptodate teaching content, closely integrating applied practical cases and frontier achievement cases. Additionally, ideological and political education evaluation is integrated into the teaching evaluation system to implement the comprehensive cultivation of morality, intelligence, and emotions, ensuring the simultaneous achievement of teaching and educational goals.

Research on the exploration and implementation strategy of ideological and political elements in university physics experiment course

FENG Shunzhen, LIU Zizhen, QU Shuanghui, DONG Yanhui, JI Denghui, LI Jinhua

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 86. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250269

Abstract ( 107 )

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The university physics experiment course is a foundational general education course required for science and engineering students, playing an irreplaceable role in developing students’ practical skills, analytical skills, scientific literacy, and innovative abilities. Integrating ideological and political education into the university physics experiment course is significant for enhancing the educational outcomes of experimental teaching and promoting the organic combination of physics education and ideological and political education. This article introduces the exploration of ideological and political elements from four dimensions：patriotism and national pride, scientific spirit and attitude, teamwork and social responsibility, ecological civilization and sustainable development, using examples from university physics experiments. It also provides five principles to follow when integrating ideological and political education into university physics experiment teaching, as well as strategies for implementing such integration.

Einstein in the history of quantum physics in the 20th Century (1) Different creation mode from Dirac—a question worth thinking and commenting on

ZHAO Song-nian1, YU Yun-xian2, WANG Chuan3

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 91. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250099

Abstract ( 143 )

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In the early 20th century, Einstein and Pauli, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, de Broglie, Bonn, Jordan and other quantum elites together, made outstanding contributions to the establishment of quantum theory, he believes that these elites are the founders of quantum mechanics, affirmed its achievements, nominated them for the Nobel Prize in physics candidates many times; Although Dirac made significant contributions to the combination of quantum mechanics and relativity, and the physics community has been recognized as a great scientist on a par with Newton, Maxwell and Einstein, his prediction of the existence of antimatter, especially positrons, caused skepticism and fierce opposition from many theoretical and experimental physicists, including Einstein. Einstein also did not regard Dirac as the founder of quantum mechanics, Dirac and Einstein were in this period, but the two people had no intersection in scientific activities and academic exchanges, in addition to Dirac’s personality of silence, poor communication, and precious words, Einstein did not recognize Dirac’s major research results. He was never nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics. From the perspective of the history of quantum physics, the author thinks that Einstein and Dirac have made significant achievements, but their research process shows significant and different creative modes, including growth environment, knowledge background and scientific research experience. Even if they are similar in advocating the beauty of science, there are deep differences. In fact, this is the main reason, therefore, this paper intends to focus on the two scientists’ different creation modes, think and discuss, analyze why Einstein opposed and delayed the development of quantum mechanics, especially analyze and compare the differences and advantages and disadvantages of these two different creation modes in mathematical reasoning. It is hoped that some novel results will be derived from this, which will be beneficial to the readers.

Postscript to the Translation of “Qualitative Methods in Quantum Theory”

JI Yang

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 101. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712. 250463

Abstract ( 123 )

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Arkadii Benediktovich Migdal was a worldrenowned theoretical physicist. Qualitative Methods in Quantum Theory originated from his lectures on quantum mechanics. The original Russian edition was published in 1975, with the English translation published in 1977 and the Chinese translation published in 2025. The book is divided into six chapters, covering dimensional and model methods, various types of perturbation methods, quasiclassical approximations, analytical properties of physical quantities, methods in manybody problems, and qualitative methods in quantum field theory, describing the working methods employed by theoretical physicists in practical research.

Construction and analysis of diversified optics AI teaching assistant focusing on key contents

WU Junhao1, LI　Runze1, LUO Lin2, CUI Xintu1, PANG Xiaoning1, ZHAO Fuli1

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 106. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250011

Abstract ( 124 )

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With the background of intelligent and digital education, we construct a diversified AI teaching assistant platform of optics based on large language models and knowledge bases in order to meet the needs of students’ learning and exploring. The platform starts from the OBE concept and leads to three parts: knowledge graph, AI questions and answers module, and MOOC learning platform. Based on these parts, we construct a back-end platform to analyze the learning data. In terms of content, knowledge graph can construct teaching frameworks and judge mastery levels. For the AI questions and answers module, it introduces tool plugins with the characteristics of the optics course and gives professional replies. Additionally, the MOOC learning platform focuses on integrating learning resources such as videos and courseware. The learning data of the students, including learning progress and mastery levels, can be analyzed in the back-end of AI teaching assistant platform. The application of the AI teaching assistant platform in teaching can satisfy the needs of students for fragmented learning and may promote the intelligent and digital development of course teaching.

Blended teaching innovation and practice of college physics at local universities

XU　Ruizhen, LIN　Huan, YANG　Xiongbo, YANG　Xianwei

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 110. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250080

Abstract ( 137 )

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Local universities face the contradiction between the abstract nature of College Physics content and students’ weak foundational knowledge with significant individual differences. This paper introduces a blended teaching model for the College Physics course, which integrates digital resources such as video libraries, case bases, and exercise databases, along with digital textbooks and demonstration experiments. Centered on the core philosophy of “learning to learn, think, and apply,” the model combines online selfdirected learning of fundamental theories with offline interactive seminars to deepen understanding. Supported by a diversified assessment system, it effectively addresses traditional teaching challenges, including abstract content presentation, mismatched case studies, and insufficient students’ growth support. The approach significantly enhances students’ learning outcomes and comprehensive competencies, providing an effective paradigm for cultivating applicationoriented talents.

Innovative practice of experimental courses teaching based on breakpoint check in combination of virtual and reality mode

ZHANG　Shiyuan, YAO　Lishuang, XIE　Xiangsheng, CHI　Lingfei, ZHOU　Yaqin, WU　Yonghua and LV　Xiupin

College Physics. 2025, 44(11): 115. doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250029

Abstract ( 127 )

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In this paper, the teaching practice of “Experiment of information display technology” is carried out. The concept of “breakpoint check” is borrowed from the computer program editing and running debugging, and the digital teaching and assessment method of combining virtual and real is proposed by reasonably setting the check breakpoint and teaching resources, and using the rain classroom platform, which is committed to accurately evaluating the students’ knowledge level and ability level. At the same time, through the integration of teachers’ scientific research projects and local enterprise internships, students are encouraged to recreate the knowledge they have learned. The innovation method proposed in this paper is expected to provide experience and reference for the construction of experimental courses.

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