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    15 May 2026 Volume 45 Issue 3
      
    An educational exploration in general course of quantum mechanics
    YUANXiang1, 2, CHENXin1, 2
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  1.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250440
    Abstract ( 37 )   PDF (197KB) ( 30 )  
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    Quantum mechanics, as the foundation of modern physics, is also essential for the public to understand science and identify pseudoscientific claims. With the rise of the second quantum revolution, students from diverse backgrounds, including humanities majors and high school students, show growing interest in learning quantum mechanics. Yet traditional teaching, reliant on mathematical derivations, poses barriers for those without advanced mathematics. This paper reports on a general education course in quantum mechanics that abandons slidebased lectures and instead employs optical simulations, blackboard sketches, simple experiments, and interactive games. Within 32 class hours, students gain an intuitive understanding of quantum states, superposition, coherence and collapse, the uncertainty principle, as well as basic ideas of quantum communication (BB84) and quantum computing (DeutschJozsa, DJ algorithm). Assessment is conducted through interviewbased exams and quantum game assignments, supplemented by accessible experiments such as the threepolarizer paradox. Teaching practice shows that the course effectively enables students, even without a physics background, to grasp key quantum concepts, avoid common misconceptions, and form a coherent picture of the quantum world. The experience offers a practical model for integrating rigorous science into general education.

    Solving the onedimensional infinite deep square well potential barrier problem based on the projection Greens function#br#
    SUN Yifeng, ZHAO Pengfei, SUN Haoxuan, TAO Hongshuai
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  7.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250200
    Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (189KB) ( 18 )  
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    Through numerical simulations, this study systematically investigates the physical characteristics of a onedimensional infinite square potential well incorporating finite potential barriers, with a particular focus on the manifestation of quantum tunneling phenomena. By employing the Projected Greens Function (PGF) method, the work explores how structural parameters—such as barrier width, barrier height, and well width—affect the tunneling lifetime of particles. The numerical solution approach has been further optimized to enhance both computational accuracy and efficiency. The analysis of tunneling time provides theoretical guidance for the design and fabrication of semiconductor devices and contributes to a more profound understanding of material behaviors in quantumscale systems. Overall, the results not only offer theoretical support for relevant experimental research, but also propose new perspectives for extending the application of the PGF method to higherdimensional and more complex potential problems.

    Jacobianequivalent transformation for thermodynamic effects among mechanics, electricity and magnetism#br#
    CAO Wanqiang, ZHANG Lei, PAN Ruikun
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  11. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (121KB) ( 9 )  
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    A method for characterizing electromagnetic interaction systems using thermodynamic methods is proposed. Thermodynamic systems can be equivalently transformed by Jacobian determinant for partial derivatives characterizing mechanical and thermal effects. A system can be divided into multiple corresponding subsystems according to its mechanic, thermal, electric and magnetic properties. The associated equivalent effects of the related effects can be derived concisely and quickly by Jacobian determinants, such as the equivalent relationship between obtaining magnetism directly by applying an electric field and obtaining electricity by applying a magnetic field, or the complex effects can be decomposed into multiple simple effects through the electricity-mechanics and mechanics-magnetism relationships, and the correlations can be established by using the Jacobian determinants. The analysis methods of electricity and magnetism are provided through equivalent transformation.

    The understanding of “simultaneous relativity” and spatiotemporal properties
    JIN Fengtao, ZHANG Sen, GAO Cheng, WANG Xiaowei
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  15.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250334
    Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (221KB) ( 32 )  
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    In the study of special relativity, ‘simultaneous relativity’ is the most confusing and difficult to understand, and the fundamental reason lies in how to understand the essence of time and space. This article explains in detail through case studies that understanding time and space should be closely integrated with the movement of matter. Time and space are intrinsic properties of matter, and their properties can only be reflected in the motion and interconnected physical processes of matter.

    A brief discussion on induced and motional electromotive force
    LIU Lihua1, WANG Yuhang2, XU Junjun1, ZHEN Xin3
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  21.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250294
    Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (293KB) ( 17 )  
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    This paper systematically investigates the classification of induced electromotive force (EMF) in electromagnetism and its mathematical derivation process. The study first analyzes common misconceptions in pedagogical approaches, then proposes two effective methods for deriving motional and induced EMF based on Faradays law of electromagnetic induction through constructed physical models. The results demonstrate complete consistency between these methods and the direct application of Leibniz integral rule in their conclusions. Furthermore, within the theoretical framework of general physics, the study explores the physical essence of motional and induced EMF by incorporating Maxwells equations. This research methodology, which combines rigorous theoretical derivation with analysis of physical principles, not only ensures mathematical precision but also provides a clear conceptual framework for undergraduate students to comprehend the fundamental nature of electromagnetic induction. By revealing the intrinsic laws governing electromagnetic phenomena, this work offers valuable insights for the teaching practice of electromagnetism courses.

    Derivation of geometric optics from wave optics
    CHEN Yi
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  26.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250437
    Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (125KB) ( 11 )  
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    There is no obvious derivation of geometric optics from wave optics in those conventional textbooks. This paper presents a concise derivation of geometric optics from wave optics by working with the geometric optics approximation. In passing, the conservation law for both energy momentum tensor and photon number current as well as the parallel transport of the polarized vector along the null geodesic is also obtained. 

    A discussion on the applicability conditions of the two forms of chain relation
    QIN Zhijie
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  28.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250271
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (110KB) ( 9 )  
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    This paper, through proving the chain relation, elaborates on the differences in the conditions required for the establishment of its two distinct forms, examines the considerations for applying chain relation, and highlights a prevalent error in textbooks when using chain relation to analyze Joules gas free expansion experiment.


    The extension of Maxwell stress method
    LUO Chaoyi
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  31.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250346
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (147KB) ( 6 )  
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    Based on the fundamental equations of electrostatic fields and by using vector analysis methods, the formulas for the electric field forces acting on volume charges and surface charges are derived. The electric field forces experienced by mixed media, conductors, and linear uniform dielectrics are obtained, verifying the correctness of Faradays viewpoint and proving that the total electric field torque on a volume charge is equal to the torque of the equivalent area force, further expanding Maxwells stress method. The formulas are applied to the force analysis of the medium in a concentric spherical capacitor, overcoming the difficulty of solving by the virtual displacement method. The magnetic force acting on the medium can be obtained in a similar way.



    Strict proof on the equivalence of the heat capacity statement and the #br# Nernst statement#br#
    ZHOU Yinghui, SU Shanhe, ZHAO Yingru, CHEN Jincan
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  35.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250301
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (131KB) ( 18 )  
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    Several different methods are used to prove strictly that the heat capacity statement and the Nernst statement are mutually derivable and equivalent. The application of the two statements to replace the Nernst theorem and/or the unattainability principle of absolute zero temperature, which have appeared in textbooks for more than one hundred years, as the innovative statements of the third law of thermodynamics can ensure that the third law of thermodynamics is a true reflection of the objective world, thus improving the theoretical system of classical thermodynamics. 


    Study on quantum tunneling characteristics of one-dimensional#br# asymmetric tripartite barrier double-well model#br#
    LV Jun-yi, ZHANG Yi-liang, PING Meng-chao, ZHANG Rui, LAI Jian-hui, LIU Chao-fei
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  40.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250110
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (1130KB) ( 14 )  
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    In this paper, different tripartite barrier arrangement types are classified into five categories and their influence on tunneling effect is systematically investigated. The results show that different barrier arrangement types have different effects on the transmission coefficient. At high incident energy, the transmission coefficient of increasing barrier, decreasing barrier and low barrier on both sides of middle high are higher. At low incident energy, the transmission coefficients of the horizontal barrier and the high barrier on both sides of the middle low barrier show strong fluctuation. The transmission coefficients oscillate periodically at different barrier spacing, and all types have larger oscillation frequencies at higher incident energies. When the barrier width is small, the transmission coefficient of the increasing barrier exhibits periodic bimodal characteristics, and gradually becomes periodic unimodal structure with the decrease of incident energy. On the contrary, with the decrease of incident energy, the transmission coefficient of the decreasing barrier changes from periodic unimodal structure to periodic bimodal structure. In the case of high incident energy, the fluctuation amplitude of transmission coefficient remains unchanged with the increase of barrier width. On the contrary, with the increase of barrier width, the fluctuation amplitude of transmission coefficient increases sharply. In addition, the transmission resonance phenomena in five kinds of triple barrier arrays are systematically investigated. We find that resonant transmission can be realized under the condition that the barrier width is not 0. This study provides detailed theoretical results for understanding the quantum tunneling effect in tripartite barriers.


    Design and development of virtualsimulation experimental teaching#br# platform of magnetic Skyrmion#br#
    GUO Yuchen1, Gu Cong2, Yang Jichong1, Chen Kexin1, Wang Jinming1
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  51.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250331
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (319KB) ( 12 )  
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    Magnetic Skyrmion has a special topological magnetic structure and is characterized by topological stability, small size, long lifetime, easy handling and high storage density. Based on these excellent properties, magnetic Skyrmion will play an important role in information memory and spintronics device applications in the future. In order to help students deepen their understanding of theoretical knowledge and improve their scientific literacy and core literacy, we have independently developed a virtual simulation experimental teaching platform for magnetic Skyrmion  based on lattice simulation and virtual simulation technology, which is designed according to the generation and annihilation of magnetic Skyrmion  and the phase transition characteristics of magnetic Skyrmion under the change of external magnetic field, and contains a series of virtual simulation experiments, which expands the content and depth of experimental teaching, and stimulates the students learning. It expands the content and depth of experimental teaching, stimulates students learning enthusiasm and initiative, and improves the quality and efficiency of experimental teaching. 

    Design andteaching application of a virtual simulation experiment system for #br# optical interference and diffraction#br#
    DU Guangping1, TAO Shihua1, ZHU Wenyu1, XIE Wenting1, ZHANG Songbin, WANG Hengtong1, 2
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  55.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250421
    Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (181KB) ( 19 )  
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    The paper develops a virtual simulation experiment system for optical interference and diffraction based on the MATLAB App Designer platform. The system consists of three core modules: optical interference, optical diffraction, and knowledge expansion. The interference and diffraction module provides dynamic demonstrations of theoretical principles, adjustable experimental simulation operations with key parameters, and real-time data processing and result analysis functions. The knowledge expansion module guides students to understand practical applications of interference and diffraction phenomena through case studies (e.g., resolution limits of optical instruments, optical sensors in wearable devices). Featuring visual interfaces, dynamic processes, and interactive exploration, the system transforms abstract theories and complex experiments into intuitive digital teaching resources. It effectively overcomes limitations of traditional teaching and physical experiments, providing strong support for promoting deep learning, enhancing experimental inquiry skills, and fostering innovative thinking.

    An exploration of the disciplinary cross and integration between college #br# physics and chemistry in the context of new engineering education#br#
    ZANG Yuchen
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  59.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250197
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (156KB) ( 8 )  
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    Disciplinary cross and integration is a key path for the reform of college physics in the context of new engineering education. This work first elaborates on the unique advantages of the disciplinary cross and integration between college physics and chemistry from the perspectives of internal connections, research paradigms, and applicable majors. On this basis, we also investigate how to reasonably explore and integrate the disciplinary cross elements of chemistry in teaching practice, including the analogy of concepts and principles as well as the reference of thinking methods. In addition, basic theories in physics can deepen the understanding of chemistry, and the cutting-edge technologies in physics can promote the development of chemistry. With these disciplinary cross elements incorporated in a reasonable manner, we can not only deepen the students understanding of the knowledge in physics, but also stimulate their studying interest and promote their transfer and application of knowledge.


    Practical exploration of promoting deep learning through knowledge #br# connectivity in mechanics teaching#br#
    SHI Yurong, WANG Zhimin, MA Lizhen, SHI Xiaofeng, WANG Feng
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  67.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250393
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (192KB) ( 9 )  
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     Exercises and example problems are crucial means for consolidating physics learning. In current university physics instruction, exercises are often categorized by knowledge points, with relatively rigid problem-solving approaches. This practice can lead to rigid thinking in students analysis of physics problems, leaving them at a loss when encountering unfamiliar questions and fostering an aversion to physics due to perceived difficulty. Consequently, it hinders the development of students ability to transfer knowledge and innovate. Using mechanics as an example, this paper proposes a teaching design that interconnects multiple knowledge points through example problems and exercises. By integrating multiple knowledge points into a single problem, students can grasp physical concepts holistically, gain a deeper understanding of the inherent logical relationships between theoretical knowledge, broaden their analytical perspectives, promote deeper learning, and enhance their ability to solve practical problems.


    The information analysis of Nobel laureates in physics
    BAI Hui-jing1, ZHENG Hua1, WANG Xin-gang1, ZHU Li-lin2, LIU Xing-quan3, GUO Yun4
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  73.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250247
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (346KB) ( 11 )  
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     By collecting data of Nobel laureates in physics from 1901 to 2024 from Nobel prize official records and literature, this paper analyzes 8 factors, e.g., gender distribution, nationality patterns, and award-age statistics. Statistical evidence indicates a pronounced shift toward international collaboration in groundbreaking research, with balanced emphasis on both experimental validation and theoretical frameworks. The findings demonstrate an ongoing transition in physics frontiers—from specialized domains to interdisciplinary synthesis—highlighting implications for STEM education reform and research competency development. Emerging focal areas are quantitatively identified, particularly in quantum technologies, particle and high energy physics, and condensed matter.



    From probability amplitudes to the quantum age: A century of the Born rule
    XING Yongzhong, YUAN Rong, LU Feiping
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  80.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250228
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (148KB) ( 11 )  
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    Since Max Born first stated in 1926 that the squared modulus of the wavefunction yields measurement probabilities, the Born rule has withstood a full century of theoretical scrutiny and experimental testing. Guided by the theme “from probability amplitudes to the quantum age,” this paper first reviews the historical setting in which the rule emerged during the transition from the old quantum theory to modern quantum mechanics and shows how it reshaped our understanding of microscopic phenomena. It then gives a concise explanation of the rule’s axiomatic formulation within the Hilbertspace framework. Finally, we outline recent advances in Bornrule research and survey its key applications in presentday quantum technology. 


    Construction and practice of AI assistant agents for #br# college physics experiment teaching#br#
    PAN Qianhe1, TANG Changshuo2, QIU Zhixin1, NING Xiangyu2, XU Weijing3
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  85.  doi:10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.250255
    Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (468KB) ( 20 )  
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    In college physics experiment teaching, issues such as tight scheduling of experiment time, students' having difficulties in comprehending experimental principles and mastering operational essentials, and teachers' inability to provide effective personalized guidance persist. To address these challenges, this study develops an artificial intelligence agent-assisted system to enhance experimental teaching effectiveness. The paper proposes AI agents across different platforms and conducted comparative analyses of their differences. The systems application effectiveness is based on acousto-optic diffraction experiments and sound velocity measurement in liquids. The experiment involves a control group (traditional teaching methods) and an experimental group (AI agent-assisted). Results show that in the high-score range (30-40 points), the experimental group shows a 12.2% improvement in pre-experiment quiz scores compared to the control group. During the experimental operation phase, the AI agent provides personalized guidance, resulting in significantly lower error rates and an average 10% reduction in experiment completion time for the experimental group. This research on AI agent development for university physics experiments and its exploration of enhancing experimental teaching through intelligent agents offers valuable references for AI agent development in other courses.

    Simulation of the electron density distribution of hydrogen #br# molecules by the variational method coupled with the Julia language#br#
    XIE Yaqi, WANG Xinming, DU Qiuying
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  91.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250162
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (213KB) ( 9 )  
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    Based on the variational principle of quantum mechanics, this study applied the Heitler-London valence bond theory to the hydrogen molecule wave function after parameter optimization. Through the high-performance computing framework of the Julia language (the multi-threading parallel and vectorization optimization techniques increased the overall computing efficiency by 6 times, and the @fastmath macro further reduced the computational cost by 15 %), the electron cloud distribution law of the hydrogen molecule system was systematically explored. The results show that at the equilibrium bond length (R = 1.4 atomic units), the peak value of the electron density between the nuclei reaches 0.35 a.u.-3, presenting typical covalent bond characteristics; when the nuclear distance increases to R = 3.0 atomic units, the electron density between the atoms approaches zero, corresponding to the molecular dissociation process.


    Imaging by a single refracting spherical surface and aplanatic points
    SONG Hongyu, ZHANG Yirui, XIAO Chengzhuo
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  98.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250318
    Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (220KB) ( 13 )  
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    Spherical aberration in spherical lenses limits the precision of optical instruments, but using aplanatic points one can effectively eliminate both spherical aberration and coma. While standard textbooks derive the formulas for aplanatic points, they lack intuitive descriptions of the actual ray propagations from these points. This study analyzes the imaging process at a single refractive spherical surface using geometric ray tracing. It first demonstrates that the optical path length from any point on the spherical surface to the two aplanatic points is constant, establishing these points as lying on a surface of constant optical path length. Furthermore, it reveals that when the incidence angle satisfies certain conditions, the reflective point varies, which shows that the two aplanatic points is not the conjugate points of all rays, therefore establishing the correct picture of ray propagation between aplanatic points. The study systematically categorizes two types of aplanatic lens designs. Additionally, it proposes three lens combination schemes: converging lens groups with parallel orientation; oppositely oriented lens groups; and combinations combining diverging and converging lenses. This combination schemes provide a theoretical basis and practical concepts for optical system design.

    Teaching design of the universityschool articulation #br# project based on Helen Fountain#br#
    HOU Zhanshan, WENG Yuyan, FANG Liang
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  102.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250229
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (272KB) ( 6 )  
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    This paper takes the Helen Fountain as an example of teaching, focusing on the four dimensions of physics core literacy. By sorting out the logical connection between fluid mechanics related knowledge and literacy requirements at different stages, a comprehensive educational design is constructed for the three stages of junior high school, high school, and university. On the one hand, the goal of integrating and applying knowledge related to fluid mechanics is achieved through the large and medium scale integration project. On the other hand, it also provides new ideas and methods for the universal promotion of related competition topics in large and medium scale teaching.


    Instructional design of “simple harmonic oscillation” from the #br# perspective of engineering college students#br#
    HU Jiaming1, REN Baoqi1, LIU Jian1, ZHANG Yusong1, ZHOU Keya2
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  108.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712.250243
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (277KB) ( 9 )  
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     Vibrations and waves are common motions in nature. “Simple harmonic oscillation” is the most fundamental and simplest vibration, and is the basis for studying all complex vibrations. This article conducts research on the teaching task of “simple harmonic oscillation” from the perspective of engineering students, and conducts research and analysis on the connection between “simple harmonic oscillation” and students’ majors, as well as the core issues that students focus on. The purpose of this study is to focus on the application prospects of students’ knowledge points in interdisciplinary fields. The similarities and differences of students from different professional backgrounds on this selected topic will be discussed in detail. It also provides a deep analysis of the difficulty, question types, and preparation strategies that students generally care about in exams. Ultimately, this article puts forward teaching advice, including the design of differentiated teaching content, the reinforcement of practical activities, and the continuous optimization of teaching feedback, with the aim of constructing a teaching model which is student-centered and gives equal emphasis to theory and practice.


    Weak magnetic field measurements based on simple harmonic vibrations
    MA Yisa, ZHANG Yuxuan, LI Yuke, JIN Zirui, SHI Jianlao
    College Physics. 2026, 45(3):  115.  doi:10.16854/j.cnki.1000-0712. 250259
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (255KB) ( 8 )  
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    This paper designs an experimental device for measuring weak magnetic fields through simple harmonic motion. By adjusting the current I in the Helmholtz coil, the magnetic field intensity B at the magnetic columns position is precisely controlled. Using a high-speed camera and Tracker software, the vibration period Tof the magnetic column under different magnetic fields is recorded. Then, Origin software is used to fit the relationship between the square of angular frequency w2and current I. Combined with the theoretical model, this allows the calculation of the size and direction of the weak magnetic field.